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HomeWeb Front-endJS TutorialA brief analysis of __dirname and __filename variables in nodejs

本篇文章带大家了解一下node中你不知道的__dirname和__filename变量,有一定的参考价值,希望对大家有所帮助!

A brief analysis of __dirname and __filename variables in nodejs

1.问题背景

写这篇文章的背景在于今天遇到一个神奇的报错,一起来看下

// index.js
console.log(__filename);
// 执行 node index.js
// ReferenceError: __filename is not defined in ES module scope

在node环境访问全局变量__filename居然报错,什么原因呢??于是开始了一路的探索,最终找到问题的根源。

2. node模块机制

我们知道早期node.js的模块标准采用commonjs模块规范,然而在nodejs版本v13.2.0中,开始支持ES Modules模块规范,我们可以有以下几种方式在node中使用ES Modules模块

  • 将文件后缀命名为.mjs
  • package.json 新增 "type": "module"字段

当我们在node中使用ES Modules贵方,以下全局对象和变量将不可用

  • require
  • module.exports
  • exports
  • __filename
  • __dirname
  • NODE_PATH

3. 为什么采用commonjs模块化可以使用__filename和__dirname?

这个问题,主要归结于commonjs模块下nodejs的运行机制,很多人可能认为__filename就是node环境中的全局变量,当出现这个问题的时候,我们才意识到,这两个不是Node中真正的全局变量。

看一段简单的js代码

(function(){
    console.log(arguments) // [1,2,3]
})(1,2,3)

arguments在函数内部可以拿到调用函数时传入的参数。

我们在node commonjs模块中执行以下代码

// index.js
console.log(arguments);
[Arguments] {
  '0': {},
  '1': [Function: require] {
    resolve: [Function: resolve] { paths: [Function: paths] },
    main: Module {
      id: '.',
      path: 'E:\\nodeProjectStorehouse\\nodeStudyFromBook',
      exports: {},
      filename: 'E:\\nodeProjectStorehouse\\nodeStudyFromBook\\cc.cjs',
      loaded: false,
      children: [],
      paths: [Array]
    },
    extensions: [Object: null prototype] {
      '.js': [Function (anonymous)],
      '.json': [Function (anonymous)],
      '.node': [Function (anonymous)]
    },
    cache: [Object: null prototype] {
      'E:\\nodeProjectStorehouse\\nodeStudyFromBook\\cc.cjs': [Module]
    }
  },
  '2': Module {
    id: '.',
    path: 'E:\\nodeProjectStorehouse\\nodeStudyFromBook',
    exports: {},
    filename: 'E:\\nodeProjectStorehouse\\nodeStudyFromBook\\cc.cjs',
    loaded: false,
    children: [],
    paths: [
      'E:\\nodeProjectStorehouse\\nodeStudyFromBook\\node_modules',
      'E:\\nodeProjectStorehouse\\node_modules',
      'E:\\node_modules'
    ]
  },
  '3': 'E:\\nodeProjectStorehouse\\nodeStudyFromBook\\cc.cjs',
  '4': 'E:\\nodeProjectStorehouse\\nodeStudyFromBook'

我们可以看到,arguments有5个参数,这5个参数就是exports, require, module, __filename, __dirname

到这里我们就清楚的知道,__filename不是全局变量,而是外层传入的参数而已

既然这样,我们在ES Modules模块下,访问arguments看下结果是什么?

// index.js ES modules
console.log(arguments);
// ReferenceError: arguments is not defined

4. ES Modules下如何使用__filename和__dirname?

node官方文档建议使用import.meta.url变相的提供

// import.meta.url 返回模块的绝对的 `file:` URL。
// url模块中fileURLToPath()函数,返回完全解析的特定于平台的 Node.js 文件路径
// path模块中dirname()函数,返回路径的目录路径
import { fileURLToPath } from 'url';
import { dirname } from 'path';
const __filename = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
const __dirname = dirname(__filename);

更多node相关知识,请访问:nodejs 教程!!

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