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How to view user information in Linux

Apr 22, 2021 pm 05:57 PM
linuxUser Info

linux查看用户信息的方法:1、使用“cat /etc/passwd”命令输出每个用户的详细信息;2、使用“getent passwd”命令,将每个用户详细信息显示为包含七个字段的单行;3、使用“compgen -u”命令。

How to view user information in Linux

本教程操作环境:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.1系统、Dell G3电脑。

方法 1 :使用 /etc/passwd 文件

使用任何一个像 cat、more、less 等文件操作命令来打印 Linux 系统上创建的用户列表。

/etc/passwd 是一个文本文件,其中包含了登录 Linux 系统所必需的每个用户的信息。它保存用户的有用信息,如用户名、密码、用户 ID、群组 ID、用户 ID 信息、用户的家目录和 Shell 。

/etc/passwd 文件将每个用户的详细信息写为一行,其中包含七个字段,每个字段之间用冒号 : 分隔:

# cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
2gadmin:x:500:10::/home/viadmin:/bin/bash
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
zabbix:x:498:499:Zabbix Monitoring System:/var/lib/zabbix:/sbin/nologin
mysql:x:497:502::/home/mysql:/bin/bash
zend:x:502:503::/u01/zend/zend/gui/lighttpd:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/cache/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
2daygeek:x:503:504::/home/2daygeek:/bin/bash
named:x:25:25:Named:/var/named:/sbin/nologin
mageshm:x:506:507:2g Admin - Magesh M:/home/mageshm:/bin/bash

7 个字段的详细信息如下

  • 用户名 (magesh): 已创建用户的用户名,字符长度 1 个到 12 个字符。

  • 密码(x):代表加密密码保存在 `/etc/shadow 文件中。

  • **用户 ID(506):代表用户的 ID 号,每个用户都要有一个唯一的 ID 。UID 号为 0 的是为 root 用户保留的,UID 号 1 到 99 是为系统用户保留的,UID 号 100-999 是为系统账户和群组保留的。

  • **群组 ID (507):代表群组的 ID 号,每个群组都要有一个唯一的 GID ,保存在 /etc/group文件中。

  • **用户信息(2g Admin - Magesh M):代表描述字段,可以用来描述用户的信息(LCTT 译注:此处原文疑有误)。

  • **家目录(/home/mageshm):代表用户的家目录。

  • **Shell(/bin/bash):代表用户使用的 shell 类型。

你可以使用 awk 或 cut 命令仅打印出 Linux 系统中所有用户的用户名列表。显示的结果是相同的。

# awk -F':' '{ print $1}' /etc/passwd
or
# cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
root
bin
daemon
adm
lp
sync
shutdown
halt
mail
ftp
postfix
sshd
tcpdump
2gadmin
apache
zabbix
mysql
zend
rpc
2daygeek
named
mageshm

方法 2 :使用 getent 命令

getent 命令显示 Name Service Switch 库支持的数据库中的条目。这些库的配置文件为 /etc/nsswitch.conf。

getent 命令显示类似于 /etc/passwd 文件的用户详细信息,它将每个用户详细信息显示为包含七个字段的单行。

# getent passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
2gadmin:x:500:10::/home/viadmin:/bin/bash
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
zabbix:x:498:499:Zabbix Monitoring System:/var/lib/zabbix:/sbin/nologin
mysql:x:497:502::/home/mysql:/bin/bash
zend:x:502:503::/u01/zend/zend/gui/lighttpd:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/cache/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
2daygeek:x:503:504::/home/2daygeek:/bin/bash
named:x:25:25:Named:/var/named:/sbin/nologin
mageshm:x:506:507:2g Admin - Magesh M:/home/mageshm:/bin/bash

7 个字段的详细信息如上所述。(LCTT 译注:此处内容重复,删节)

你同样可以使用 awk 或 cut 命令仅打印出 Linux 系统中所有用户的用户名列表。显示的结果是相同的。

方法 3 :使用 compgen 命令

compgen 是 bash 的内置命令,它将显示所有可用的命令,别名和函数。

# compgen -u
root
bin
daemon
adm
lp
sync
shutdown
halt
mail
ftp
postfix
sshd
tcpdump
2gadmin
apache
zabbix
mysql
zend
rpc
2daygeek
named
mageshm

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