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Detailed explanation of database stored procedures

Jun 14, 2019 am 11:12 AM
stored proceduredatabase

Detailed explanation of database stored procedures

/*
存储过程可以看作是在数据库中的存储t-sql脚本

为什么使用存储过程
1、增加性能   本地存储发送的内容少、调用快、预编译、高速缓存
       一般语句的执行:检查权限、检查语法,建立执行计划处理语句的要求
       存储过程:创建时已经检查了语法;第一次执行的时候执行计划被创建,被编译;
              再次执行时不需要重检查语法、不需要重编译、根据已经缓存的计划来决定是否需要重创建执行计划
2、增强安全   加密、分离(权限设置,用户只需要有执行存储过程的权限,不需要有访问存储过程所使用的对象的权限)
   
3、在transact-sql中使用非数据库技术  dll
4、编程模式——使用外部编程语言调用
   1)input
   2)output
   3)feedback 状态代码或描述性的文本
   4)模块化、可重用、可调用其他存储过程
   5)隐藏程序逻辑,便于编程
   6)可以调用动态连接库(外接的程序)
基本原则:越简单越好 单一任务
*/

/*
分类
1、系统存储过程 
   存在于master数据库,一般以sp_开头
   提供对系统表格数据调用、数据库管理功能、安全管理功能的支持
  --表格授权
  use pubs
  go
  execute sp_table_privileges stores
  --显示kylin\administrator的所有进程
  execute sp_who @loginame='W2K3SERVER\Administrator'
  --报告有关孤立的 microsoft windows nt 用户和组的信息,这些用户和组已不在 windows nt 环境中,但仍在 microsoft sql server系统表中拥有项。
  execute sp_validatelogins
2、本地存储过程   用户创建的解决特定问题的
3、临时存储过程   存储于tempdb
                    创建、调用时的数据库    使用范围           生存周期 
   #local                     不限数据库        创建时的连接有效    从创建时开始,当创建的连接中断时消失
   ##global                   不限数据库        所有连接            从创建时开始,当创建的连接中断时消失
   直接创建在tempdb的存储过程  tempdb            所有连接            从创建时开始,当数据库服务器服务停止时消失
   create proc #local
   as
   select '#local'
   go
   exec #local
   go
   create proc ##global
   as
   select '##global'
   go
   exec ##global
   go
   use tempdb
    go
    create procedure directtemp
    as
    select * from [pubs].[dbo].[authors]
    go
   use northwind
   go
   exec tempdb.dbo.directtemp

4、扩展存储过程  c++ xp
   xp_sendmail既是系统存储过程,也是扩展存储过程
   使用objectproperty来判断是否是扩展存储过程
    use master
    --扩展存储过程
    select objectproperty(object_id('sp_prepare'), 'isextendedproc')
    --非扩展存储过程
    select objectproperty(object_id('xp_logininfo'), 'isextendedproc')
5、远程存储过程
   目前版本中只是为了向后兼容,已被分布式查询替代
*/


/*
存储过程在数据库中如何存储
名字 sysobjects
文本 syscomments 
*/

/*
练习1:通过查询分析器中的对象查看器查看存储过程
*/

/*
练习2:查看存储过程的内容
       图形
       语句
*/
select * from sysobjects
select * from syscomments 
go
select * from syscomments 
where id = object_id('custorderhist')
go
select name,text
from sysobjects inner join syscomments 
on sysobjects.id = syscomments.id
where sysobjects.name = 'custorderhist'
go
sp_helptext sp_helptext
go
use northwind
go
exec sp_help custorderhist
exec sp_helptext custorderhist
exec sp_depends custorderhist
exec sp_stored_procedures 'custorderhist' 


/*
系统存储过程
以使用为主
*/

/*
本地存储过程的创建、修改、删除
1、t-sql语句
create procedure
alter procedure
drop procedure

create procedure 存储过程名字
as
存储过程文本
go 

alter procedure 存储过程名字
as
存储过程文本
go 
 
drop procedure 存储过程名字
2、企业管理器  右键
               向导
*/

/*
简单 
*/
-- -- -- select top 1 * from products
-- -- -- select top 1 * from orders
-- -- -- select top 1 * from [order details]
/*1、和视图比较*/
alter  proc sp_qry_salesdetails
as
select a.productid as 商品编号,a.productname as 商品名称,b.unitprice as 数量,b.quantity as 价格,
b.unitprice*b.quantity as 金额,c.requireddate as 销售时间
from [order details] as b join products as a
on b.productid=a.productid
join orders as c
on b.orderid=c.orderid
go
print '测试'

execute sp_qry_salesdetails

--递归算法
--视图  存储过程  函数
alter view v_qry_salesdetails
as
select a.productid as 商品编号,a.productname as 商品名称,b.unitprice as 数量,b.quantity as 价格,
b.unitprice*b.quantity as 金额,c.requireddate as 销售时间
from [order details] as b join products as a
on b.productid=a.productid
join orders as c
on b.orderid=c.orderid
print '测试'

select * from v_qry_salesdetails 
/*
默认情况下第一次执行时的执行计划被保存,以后执行时都是用这个执行计划,直到服务器重启或存储过程使用的表格变化时
当存储过程变化时,如:参数变化,需要重新编译、制定新的执行计划
当每次调用存储过程时强制重新编译的方法:
1、创建时指定 with recompile 
2、sp_recompile 
*/
create procedure sp1
as 
select * from customers

exec sp1

alter procedure sp1
as 
select * from customers

alter procedure sp1
with recompile
as 
select * from customers

sp_recompile sp1

--加密存储过程 with encryption 
select objectproperty(object_id('sp_qry_salesdetails'), 'isencrypted')

/*
删除存储过程
drop proc 
*/
use northwind
go
create proc dbo.sp_dropproc
as
select 'northwind.dbo.sp_dropproc'
go
exec northwind.dbo.sp_dropproc
go
use master
go
create proc dbo.sp_dropproc
as
select 'master.dbo.sp_dropproc'
go
exec master.dbo.sp_dropproc
go
use northwind
go
drop proc sp_dropproc
go
exec sp_dropproc
exec master.dbo.sp_dropproc

/*
提供输入参数 input
*/
create proc qry_salesdetails @y int,@m int --varchar(10)
as
select a.productid as 商品编号,a.productname as 商品名称,b.unitprice as 数量,b.quantity as 价格,b.unitprice*b.quantity as 金额,c.requireddate as 销售时间
from [order details] as b join products as a
on b.productid=a.productid
join orders as c
on b.orderid=c.orderid
--where convert(varchar(2),month(c.requireddate)) = @m
where year(c.requireddate) = @y and month(c.requireddate) = @m
go 
exec qry_salesdetails 1996,9
exec qry_salesdetails 9,1996
exec qry_salesdetails @m=9,@y=1996
exec qry_salesdetails @y=1996,@m=9
go
/*
northwind 数据库
orders order details 表格 *
根据指定用户ID显示此用户在1996-07-01到1997-07-01之间的订货记录 
要求存储过程文本加密 
*/


use northwind
go
--创建存储过程
-- drop proc qry_showorders 
create proc qry_showorders @custid nchar(5)
with encryption   --加密
as
if @custid is  null
-- begin
--   print '提供了不正确的参数'
--   return
-- end
select * 
from orders od inner join [order details] oddt
on od.orderid = oddt.orderid
where shippeddate >=&#39;1996-07-01&#39; and shippeddate <=&#39;1997-07-01&#39;
and od.customerid = @custid
go
--调用、检验刚刚创建的存储过程
exec qry_showorders @custid = &#39;vinet&#39;
exec qry_showorders null
go
--检查是否已经被加密
exec sp_helptext qry_showorders

/*
返回值 output ,一个返回值变量一次只能有一个返回的值
*/
create proc testoutput @a varchar(10) output
as
select @a = 100
go
declare @b varchar(10)
--exec testoutput @b output
exec testoutput @a=@b output
select @b
--error
create proc sum_money @count money, @unitprice money
as 
select  @count*@unitprice
go
declare @sum_temp money ,@sum_temp2 money
set @sum_temp2 = exec sum_money @count= 1.1,@unitprice = 2.2 

create proc sum_money @count money, @unitprice money ,@sum money output
as 
set @sum = @count*@unitprice
go

declare @sum_temp money ,@sum_temp2 money
exec sum_money @count= 1.1,@unitprice = 2.2,@sum = @sum_temp output
set @sum_temp2= @sum_temp*100
select @sum_temp2


create proc test_output @in  nvarchar(100),@out nvarchar(100) output
as
print &#39;i&#39;&#39;m @in  &#39; + @in
set @out = @in
print &#39;i&#39;&#39;m @out  &#39;+@out

go
declare @i nvarchar(100),@o nvarchar(100)
set @i = &#39;让我们一起来测试&#39;
exec test_output @in = @i,@out = @o output
select @o

/*
return 语句和错误处理
*/
--return 主要用来进行错误处理
create proc testreturn @a int
as 
if @a<0
begin
   return(-1)
end 
else if @a = 0
begin
   return(0)
end 
else 
begin
   return(1)
end 

go
declare @rtn int
exec @rtn = testreturn @a=-100
select @rtn
go

/*
  @@error
*/
select @@error
go
select &#39;a&#39;+1
go
select @@error


select error, description from master.dbo.sysmessages
where error = 245

create proc testerror
as 
select &#39;a&#39;+1
go
exec testerror
go

create proc testerror
as
declare @e int,@a int ,@b int
set @e = 0
set @a = 1
set @b = 0
select @a/@b
if @@error<>0
begin
   print &#39;有错误&#39;
   set @e = @@error
end
   return @e
go
declare @er int
exec @er = testerror
select @er

/*
  @@rowcount
*/

select @@rowcount
select * from customers
select @@rowcount

/*
null 值
*/
create proc testreturn @a int
as 
if @a is null
begin
   return(100)
end
else if @a<0
begin
   return(-1)
end 
else if @a = 0
begin
   return(0)
end 
else 
begin
   return(1)
end 




/***************************************************************************************************************************
特殊问题
***************************************************************************************************************************/
/*
关于sp_的命名
*/
use master
go
create sp_test
as
select &#39;现在是master数据库&#39;
go
use northwind
go
create sp_test
as
select &#39;现在是northwind数据库&#39;
go
exec sp_test
exec master.dbo.sp_test
drop sp_test 

create proc sp1_test
as 
select &#39;这是master&#39;
go
use northwind
go
create proc sp1_test
as 
select &#39;这是northwind&#39;

exec  sp1_test

drop proc sp1_test
/*
命名延迟解决方案:
创建存储过程时,应用的对象可以不存在,建议存储过程及引用的对象所有者都设置为dbo
*/
--按契约编程
use northwind
go
create proc testdelay
as
select * from tbldelay
go
exec testdelay
/*
在创建存储过程时可以逻辑上形成组,以便作为同一个管理单元并在一个程序中使用
*/
create proc groupedproc;1 
as
select &#39;groupedproc;1 &#39;
go
create proc groupedproc;2
as
select &#39;groupedproc;2 &#39;
go
sp_helptext groupedproc
go
exec groupedproc;1
go
exec groupedproc;2
go
exec groupedproc
go
drop proc groupedproc
/*
存储过程嵌套,最多32层
*/ 
create proc a 
as
select &#39;a&#39;
go
create proc b
as
select &#39;b&#39;
exec a 
go
exec b

/*
使用默认值
*/
-- -- drop proc testdefault
create proc testdefault @a int,@b int=2
as
select @a,@b
go
exec testdefault 1
go
exec testdefault @a=1
exec testdefault 1,100

/*
在服务器启动时自动运行的存储过程
要求:所有者是dbo,在master数据库中
*/
use northwind
go
create table start
(
dt datetime
)
go
use master
go
create proc autostart
as
insert into northwind.dbo.start
values(getdate())
go
--设置为自动运行
execute sp_procoption
@procname = autostart,
@optionname = startup,
@optionvalue = true
go
use master
--判断是否自动运行
select objectproperty(object_id(&#39;autostart&#39;), &#39;execisstartup&#39;)
go
select * from northwind.dbo.start
--停止自动运行
execute sp_procoption
@procname = autostart,
@optionname = startup,
@optionvalue = false

execute sp_configure
@configname = &#39;scan for startup procs&#39;, @configvalue = 0
reconfigure
go



/*
扩展存储过程
使用sp_addextendedproc 注册
或使用企业管理器 在master 扩展存储过程
*/

-- -- -- 
-- exec xp_dirtree "D:\"
-- -- -- 
-- -- -- ------msg 15281, level 16, state 1, procedure xp_cmdshell, line 1
-- -- -- ------sql server blocked access to procedure &#39;sys.xp_cmdshell&#39; of component &#39;xp_cmdshell&#39; because this component is turned off as part of the security configuration for this server. a system administrator can enable the use of &#39;xp_cmdshell&#39; by using sp_configure. for more information about enabling &#39;xp_cmdshell&#39;, see "surface area configuration" in sql server books online. 
---exec  xp_cmdshell "dir *.exe"
-- -- -- 
-- -- -- exec  xp_cmdshell tree
-- -- -- 


/*
  练习:向northwind数据库中的customers 表格插入记录的存储过程
  名字insertcust
*/
select 
insert
update
delete

create proc insertcust @custid nchar(5),
                       @cmpnm nvarchar(40),
                       @cntnm nvarchar(30),
                       @cntttl nvarchar(30),
                       @addr nvarchar(60), 
                       @city nvarchar(15),
                       @rg nvarchar(15),
                       @pscd nvarchar(10),
                       @cntry nvarchar(15),
                       @phone nvarchar(24),
                       @fax nvarchar(24)
as 
--业务逻辑
insert into customers(customerid,companyname,contactname,contacttitle,
address,city,region,postalcode,country,phone,fax)
values(@custid,@cmpnm,@cntnm,@cntttl,
@addr,@city,@rg,@pscd,@cntry,@phone,@fax)
go
exec insertcust @custid=&#39;abcd&#39;,@cmpnm=&#39;abc company&#39;,@cntnm=&#39;anyone&#39;,@cntttl=&#39;mr.&#39;,@addr=&#39;anywhere&#39;,
                @city=&#39;shanghai&#39;,@rg=&#39;huangpu&#39;,@pscd=&#39;200000&#39;,@cntry=&#39;chian&#39;,@phone=&#39;021-88888888&#39;,@fax=&#39;021-66666666&#39;
go

--简单实现
create proc createcustid  @id nchar(5) output
as 
 --自动产生客户ID
create proc insertcust 
                       @cmpnm nvarchar(40),
                       @cntnm nvarchar(30),
                       @cntttl nvarchar(30),
                       @addr nvarchar(60), 
                       @city nvarchar(15),
                       @rg nvarchar(15),
                       @pscd nvarchar(10),
                       @cntry nvarchar(15),
                       @phone nvarchar(24),
                       @fax nvarchar(24)
as 
declare @id nchar(t5)
exec createcustid  @id output
insert into customers(customerid,companyname,contactname,contacttitle,address,city,region,postalcode,country,phone,fax)
values(@id,@cmpnm,@cntnm,@cntttl,@addr,@city,@rg,@pscd,@cntry,@phone,@fax)
go

/*
其他要考虑的因素:
customerid 自动生成
如果重复怎么处理? 生成新id?
电话号码格式不正确如何处理?  return
*/
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
set nocount off
select &#39;a&#39;
go
-- -- -- 
set nocount on
select &#39;a&#39;

/*

动态语句的使用——动态条件

*/


create proc qry_salesdetails @no int = -1,@start char(10),@end char(10)
as
select a.productid as 商品编号,a.productname as 商品名称,b.unitprice as 数量,b.quantity as 价格,b.unitprice*b.quantity as 金额,c.requireddate as 销售时间 
        from [order details] as b join products as a
    on b.productid=a.productid
    join orders as c
    on b.orderid=c.orderid
where  a.productid= @no and c.requireddate<=@end 
and c.requireddate>=@start

go
exec qry_salesdetails 6,&#39;1996-01-01&#39;,&#39;1997-01-01&#39;






alter proc qry_salesdetails @no int = -1,@start char(10),@end char(10)
as 
declare @sql varchar(4000)
set @sql = &#39;select a.productid as 商品编号,a.productname as 商品名称,
b.unitprice as 数量,b.quantity as 价格,b.unitprice*b.quantity as 金额,
c.requireddate as 销售时间 
        from [order details] as b join products as a
    on b.productid=a.productid
    join orders as c
    on b.orderid=c.orderid  where 1=1  &#39;
if @no is not null
     set @sql = @sql + &#39; and  a.productid = &#39;+convert(varchar(10),@no)
if @start is not null  and  @end is not null
     set @sql = @sql    + &#39; and c.requireddate >=  &#39;&#39;&#39;+ @start+&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;
                        + &#39; and c.requireddate <= &#39;&#39;&#39;+ @end+&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;

--print @sql
exec(@sql)
print &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;
go 
exec qry_salesdetails @end=null,@start=null
exec qry_salesdetails @no=35,@end=null,@start=null
exec qry_salesdetails @no=null,@end=&#39;1997-07-01&#39;,@start=&#39;1996-07-01&#39;
exec qry_salesdetails @no=38,@end=&#39;1997-07-01&#39;,@start=&#39;1996-07-01&#39;

sp_stored_procedures qry_salesdetails


/*
临时表的使用

年度销售汇总表
月汇总
年汇总
*/
drop table tempdb..#temp
go
create table #temp 
(
商品编号 varchar(100),
商品名称  varchar(100),
金额 money,
销售时间 datetime,
排序 int
)

insert into #temp
select a.productid as 商品编号,a.productname as 商品名称,
       b.unitprice*b.quantity as 金额,c.requireddate as 销售时间,
       month(c.requireddate)
from [order details] as b join products as a
on b.productid=a.productid
join orders as c
on b.orderid=c.orderid
where year(c.requireddate) = 1996

insert into #temp(商品编号,金额,排序)
select &#39;月汇总&#39;,sum(金额),month(销售时间)
from #temp
group by year(销售时间),month(销售时间)
 

insert into #temp(商品编号,金额,排序)
select &#39;年汇总&#39;,sum(金额),12
from #temp
where 销售时间 is not null

select * from #temp
order by 排序 ,商品名称 desc

select * from #temp
drop table tempdb..#temp

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The methods for viewing SQL database errors are: 1. View error messages directly; 2. Use SHOW ERRORS and SHOW WARNINGS commands; 3. Access the error log; 4. Use error codes to find the cause of the error; 5. Check the database connection and query syntax; 6. Use debugging tools.

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