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Essential JS basic knowledge—Systematic compilation of common interview questions

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Essential JS basic knowledge—Systematic compilation of common interview questions

1.JS built-in types

are divided into basic data types and Object.
Basic data types include: null, undefined, string, boolean, number, symbol .

    console.log(typeof null);//object
    console.log(typeof []);//object
    console.log(typeof {});//object

What should you do if you want to distinguish between null, array, and object?

       console.log(Object.prototype.toString.call(null));//[object Null]
       console.log(Object.prototype.toString.call([]));//[object Array]
       console.log(Object.prototype.toString.call({}));//[object Object]

My simple understanding: toString (data); function: convert data into a string.

Recommended related articles:The most complete collection of js interview questions in 2020 (latest)

2. Type conversion

Type conversion: divided into explicit type conversion and implicit type conversion.

1.Number (data)

如果数据内容式纯粹的数字,才可以转化为数字,否则式NaN。
var str2="12px";//NaN
var str2="1.2";//1.2
var str2="1.2.3";//NaN
var str2=null;//0
console.log(Number(str2));

2.NaN

NaN的数据类型书Number。注意:NaN和任何东西都不相等,包括自己。

3.isNaN (data)

会先把数据用Number转化,转化完了之后在判断是不是NaN,如果是NaN则返回为true。否则返回为fasle。
console.log(isNaN(1));//false
console.log(isNaN("123"));//false
console.log(isNaN("abc"));//true

4.parseInt(data) and parseFloat(data)

parseInt(数据):把数据变成整数,舍去小数点,取整数。
parseFloat(数据):把数据转化为数字,可以是小数。
注意:这两个方法会从左往右开始,除去空格,找到第一位非0数字,开始进行转换,直到转换到不是数字的那位为止,或者,转换出合适的值为止。
    console.log( parseInt( "1" ) );//1
    console.log( parseInt( "1.9" ) );//1
    console.log( parseInt( "20px" ) );//20
    console.log( parseInt( "    25px" ) );//25
    console.log( parseInt( "    0.0026px" ) );//0

    console.log( parseFloat( "    0.0026px" ) );//0.0026

5.Stirng() and Boolean() can also be displayed Type conversion is not mentioned here

条件判断中,除了null,undefined,'',NaN,false,0都转化为false,其余都转化为true。

6. Implicit type conversion

只有当加法运算时,其中一方是字符串类型,就会把另一个也转为字符串类型。其他运算只要其中一方是数字,那么另一方就转为数字。并且加法运算会触发三种类型转换:将值转换为原始值,转换为数字,转换为字符串。
<script>
    console.log( "abc"-1 );//NaN
    console.log( NaN-1 );//NaN
    console.log( NaN+1 );//NaN
    console.log( NaN+"1" );//NaN1
//------------------------------------------
    console.log( "3"-1 );//转成数字2
    console.log( "345" - 0 );//转成数字345
    console.log( "345" * 1 );//转成数字345
    console.log( "345" / 1 );//转成数字345
    console.log( "345px" - 0 );//NaN
//------------------------------------------
    
    console.log( 123 + "" );//转成字符串 "123"
//------------------------------------------
    
    console.log( !!234 );//转成boolean类型 true
    console.log( !!0 );//转成boolean类型 false
    console.log( !!{} );//转成boolean类型 true
    console.log( !!null );//转成boolean类型 false

3. Operators

== and = ==

==:
    1.如果类型相同的话,比较内容
        类型不相同,类型转化在比较
        1)一个是undefined,一个是null,则相等。
        2)数字和字符串的的话,将字符串转化为数字再进行比较。
===:
    1.类型相同比教内容,类型不同则返回fasle。

4.Prototype, prototype chain, new

1.new

1.新生成了一个对象
2.链接到原型
3.绑定this
4.返回新对象

2.prototype prototype

prototype 原型
    当一个函数被申明的时候,该函数下默认有一个属性:prototype,该属性的值是一个对象
    
    当我们去调用一个对象的属性或者方法的时候,如果该对象自身没有该属性或方法,
    则会调用到该对象 的 构造函数的prototype的属性或方法
    把通过构造函数构造出来的对象,共有的方法或者属性,放在prototype身上


__proto__
    当一个对象被创建的时候,
    该对象会自动被添加上一个属性:__proto__,
    他的值也是一个对象,并且该属性 就是 当前这个对象的构造函数的prototype
    对象.__proto__ === 构造函数.prototype

3.Prototype chain

Function.prototype.a = "a";
Object.prototype.b = "b";
function Person(){}
console.log(Person);    //function Person()
let p = new Person();
console.log(p);         //Person {} 对象
console.log(p.a);       //undefined
console.log(p.b);       //b

Analysis:

会一直通过__proto__向上查找,最后当查找到Object.prototype时找到,最后打印出b,向上查找过程中,得到的是Object.prototype,而不是Function.prototype,找不到a属性,所以结果为undefined,这就是原型链,通过__proto__向上进行查找,最终到null结束
        //Function
        function Function(){}
        console.log(Function);  //Function()
        console.log(Function.prototype.constructor);    //Function()
        console.log(Function.prototype.__proto__);      //Object.prototype
        console.log(Function.prototype.__proto__.__proto__);    //NULL
        console.log(Function.prototype.__proto__.constructor);  //Object()
        console.log(Function.prototype.__proto__ === Object.prototype); //true

Summary:

1.查找属性,如果本身没有,则会去__proto__中查找,也就是构造函数的显式原型中查找,如果构造函数中也没有该属性,因为构造函数也是对象,也有__proto__,那么会去它的显式原型中查找,一直到null,如果没有则返回undefined

2.p.__proto__.constructor  == function Person(){}

3.p.___proto__.__proto__== Object.prototype

4.p.___proto__.__proto__.__proto__== Object.prototype.__proto__ == null          

5.通过__proto__形成原型链而非protrotype

5.instanceof

检测对象原型是否在要检测对象的原型链上,返回值为true或者false
使用:object instanceof constructor
    function Fn () {}
    var f = new Fn();
    console.log( f instanceof Fn );//true
    console.log( f instanceof Object );//true
//    //str是字面量生成的,是由JS内部的String构造函数new出来的。
//    //但是str会立刻"压扁"自己,让自己不是对象。
//    //所以str都不是对象了,自然instanceof String 的得到的值为fasle
//    //但str.indexOf(),str还是可以调用indexOf()方法的原因是,当它调用方法的时候,会重新将自己包装成对象。
//    //使用结束后会重新"压扁"自己,让自己不是对象。
    var str = "123";
    console.log( str instanceof Array );//false
    console.log( str instanceof String);//false
    console.log( str instanceof Object);//false
//
    var obj = {};
    console.log( obj instanceof Array );//false
    console.log( obj instanceof Object);//true

6.hasOwnProperty

作用
        用来判断某个对象是否含有 指定的 自身属性
    语法
        boolean object.hasOwnProperty(prop)
    参数
        object
            要检测的对象
        prop
            要检测的属性名称。
    注意:不会沿着原型链查找属性,只查找自身属性
    function Fn(name,gender){
        this.name = name;
        this.gender = gender;
    }
    Fn.prototype.kind = "human";
    Fn.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log(1);
    };
    
    var f = new Fn("kimoo","男");
    
    console.log( f.hasOwnProperty("name") ); //true
    
    console.log( f.hasOwnProperty("kind") ); //false
    console.log( f.hasOwnProperty("say") ); //false

8.call,bind,apply

## The functions of #call, bind, and apply are to modify this pointer.

Difference:

1.call:函数会立即执行,括号中的内容 第一个参数 就是 函数执行时候 ,内部的this指向。后面的参数就是函数内部的实参。
function foo (a,b) {
        console.log( this );
        console.log( a,b );
    }
    foo.call( document,2,3 );//运行结果:#document 2,3
2.apply:函数会立即执行,括号中的内容 第一个参数 就是 函数执行时候 ,内部的this指向。不过第二个参数接受数组。
    function foo (a,b) {
        console.log( this );
        console.log( a,b );
    }
    foo.apply( document,[2,3] ); // 和call 相似 直接调用 , 不过第二个参数接受数组。运行结果:#document 2,3
3.bind:函数 不会 立刻执行,返回的是 修改了 this指向的新函数.第二个参数是参数列表。
     function foo (a,b) {
        console.log( this );
        console.log( a,b );
    }
    var fn = foo.bind( document,2,3);// 函数 不会 立刻执行,返回的是 修改了 this指向的新函数
    fn();
       //运行结果:
    //#document
    //2 3
9. Combined inheritance

<script>
    function Person(){
        this.arr = [1,2,3];
        this.age = 10;
    }
    Person.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log( "我会说话" );
    };
//    父类构造函数中的方法,使用借用构造函数的方式继承
    function Coder(name,money) {
        Person.call(this);
        this.name = name;
        this.money = money;
        
    }
//    父类构造函数原型上的方法,使用原型链继承
    Coder.prototype = new Person();
    Coder.prototype.constructor = Coder; // 重新修改 constructor
    
    Coder.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log( "我是程序员,我叫" + this.name +",我一个月:"+ this.money );
    }
    
    var p = new Person();
    console.log( p.age );  
    console.log( p.arr );
    console.log( p.kind );
    p.say();
    
    var c1 = new Coder("a",10000);
    console.log( c1.age );  
    c1.say();
    c1.arr.push(4);
    console.log( c1.arr );
    console.log( c1.name );
    console.log( c1.money );
    var c2 = new Coder("b",30000);
    c2.say();
    console.log( c2.age );  
    console.log( c2.arr );
    console.log( c2.name );
    console.log( c2.money );

    console.log(Coder.prototype.constructor);
</script>

10.Copy inheritance

<script>
    
    function Person(){
        this.arr = [1,2,3];
        this.age = 10;
    }
    Person.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log( "我会说话" );
    }
    function Coder(){
        Person.call(this);
    }
    Coder.prototype = cloneFn( Person.prototype );
    Coder.prototype.constructor = Coder;
    Coder.prototype.say = function(){
        console.log( "我是程序员" );
    }
    
    var p = new Person();
    console.log( p.age );  
    console.log( p.arr );
    p.say();
    console.log( "----------------" );
    
    var c1 = new Coder();
    console.log( c1.age );  
    c1.say();
    c1.arr.push(4);
    console.log( c1.arr );
    console.log( "----------------" );
    var c2 = new Coder();
    console.log( c2.age );  
    console.log( c2.arr );
    c2.say();
    
//------------------------------------------
function cloneFn( sourse ){
    var o = Object.prototype.toString.call(sourse).toLowerCase().indexOf("array")!==-1 ? [] : {};
    for( var attr in sourse ){
        if( (typeof sourse[attr] === "object") && sourse[attr] !== null ){
            o[attr] = cloneFn( sourse[attr] ) ;
        }else{
            o[attr] = sourse[attr];
        }
    }
    return o;
}
    
</script>

11. class inheritance

<script>
    class Person {
        constructor(name){
            this.name = name;
        }
        say(){
            console.log( &#39;我的名字叫 ${this.name}&#39;);
        }
    }
    
    class Coder extends Person{
//        constructor( name,money ){
//            super(name); // 相当于 调用 父类的 构造函数,修改内部的this,
////                一定要先调用 super 再使用 this
//            this.money = money;
//        }
        say(){
            console.log( `我的名字叫 ${this.name}` );
        }
        eat(){
            console.log( "我会吃" );
        }
    }
    
    var p = new Person("kimoo");
//    console.log( p );
//    p.say();
//    p.eat(); // 报错: p.eat is not a function
    
    var c = new Coder("zm");
    console.log( c );
    c.say();
    c.eat();
</script>

12. Function scope, execution context, variable promotion, closure

1. Scope

JS作用域分为全局作用域和函数作用域,函数作用域可以访问全局作用域中的变量,对象,函数等。但是函数作用域外部访问不到函数内部的变量,对象,函数。

但在ES6中新增了块级作用域。let,const在块中声明的变量,函数等,外部都访问不到。
    {
        var a=1;
        let b=2;
        console.log(b);//2
        {
            console.log(b);//2
        }
    }

    console.log(a);//1
    console.log(b);//报错,b is not defined

2 .Execution contextHere is a very good article about js execution context, you can click the link to view

Summary:

        1. 调用函数是会为其创建执行上下文,并压入执行环境栈的栈顶,执行完毕弹出,执行上下文被销毁,随之VO也被销毁
        2. EC创建阶段分创建阶段和代码执行阶段
        3. 创建阶段初始变量值为undefined,执行阶段才为变量赋值
        4. 函数申明先于变量申明

3 .Variable promotion (domain resolution)

Key:During variable promotionThe function priority is higher than the variable priority

        function foo() {
            console.log(f1);    //f1() {}
            console.log(f2);    //undefined
            
            var f1 = &#39;hosting&#39;;
            var f2 = function() {}
            function f1() {}
        }
        foo();

4. Closure

Closure: Function A returns a function B, and function B uses the variables of function A, function B is called closure.

   for ( var i=1; i<=5; i++) {
    setTimeout( function timer() {
        console.log( i );
    }, i*1000 );
}

First of all, because setTimeout is an asynchronous function, all loops will be executed first. At this time, i is 6, so a bunch of 6s will be output.

Solution one:

for (var i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
  (function(j) {
    setTimeout(function timer() {
      console.log(j);
    }, j * 1000);
  })(i);
}

Solution two:

for ( var i=1; i<=5; i++) {
    setTimeout( function timer(j) {
        console.log( j );
    }, i*1000, i);
}

Solution three:

for ( let i=1; i<=5; i++) {
    setTimeout( function timer() {
        console.log( i );
    }, i*1000 );
}

Click here to learn more about closures

13. Deep and shallow copy

1.Shallow copy

First, you can solve this problem through Object.assign.

let a = {
    age: 1
}
let b = Object.assign({}, a)
a.age = 2
console.log(b.age) // 1

Of course we can also solve it by using the expansion operator (…)

let a = {
    age: 1
}
let b = {...a}
a.age = 2
console.log(b.age) // 1

2. Deep copy

function cloneFn( sourse ){
    var o = Object.prototype.toString.call(sourse).toLowerCase().indexOf("array")!==-1 ? [] : {};
    for( var attr in sourse ){
        if( (typeof sourse[attr] === "object") && sourse[attr] !== null ){
            o[attr] = cloneFn( sourse[attr] ) ;
        }else{
            o[attr] = sourse[attr];
        }
    }
    return o;
}

Related articles:


8 basic knowledge of JS that must be paid attention to

JS basic knowledge compilation

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