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PHP中的正规表达式(一)
Hunte 2000年4月14日


PHP继承*NIX的一贯传统,完全支持正规表达式的处理。正规表达式提供了一种高级的,但不直观的字符串匹配和处理的方法。用过PERL的正规表达式的朋友都知道,正规表达式的功能非常强大,但学起来不是那么容易。
比如:

^.+@.+\\..+$

这段有效却难以理解的代码足够使一些程序员头痛(我就是)或者让他们放弃使用正规表达式。相信当你读完这个教程后,就可以理解这段代码的含义了。

基本模式匹配

一切从最基本的开始。模式,是正规表达式最基本的元素,它们是一组描述字符串特征的字符。模式可以很简单,由普通的字符串组成,也可以非常复杂,往往用特殊的字符表示一个范围内的字符、重复出现,或表示上下文。例如:

^once

这个模式包含一个特殊的字符^,表示该模式只匹配那些以once开头的字符串。例如该模式与字符串"once upon a time"匹配,与"There once was a man from NewYork"不匹配。正如如^符号表示开头一样,$符号用来匹配那些以给定模式结尾的字符串。

bucket$

这个模式与"Who kept all of this cash in a bucket"匹配,与"buckets"不匹配。字符^和$同时使用时,表示精确匹配(字符串与模式一样)。例如:

^bucket$

只匹配字符串"bucket"。如果一个模式不包括^和$,那么它与任何包含该模式的字符串匹配。例如:模式

once

与字符串

There once was a man from NewYork
Who kept all of his cash in a bucket.

是匹配的。

在该模式中的字母(o-n-c-e)是字面的字符,也就是说,他们表示该字母本身,数字也是一样的。其他一些稍微复杂的字符,如标点符号和白字符(空格、制表符等),要用到转义序列。所有的转义序列都用反斜杠(\)打头。制表符的转义序列是: 。所以如果我们要检测一个字符串是否以制表符开头,可以用这个模式:

^\t

类似的,用 表示“新行”,\r表示回车。其他的特殊符号,可以用在前面加上反斜杠,如反斜杠本身用\\表示,句号.用.表示,以此类推。

字符簇

在INTERNET的程序中,正规表达式通常用来验证用户的输入。当用户提交一个FORM以后,要判断输入的电话号码、地址、EMAIL地址、信用卡号码等是否有效,用普通的基于字面的字符是不够的。

所以要用一种更自由的描述我们要的模式的办法,它就是字符簇。要建立一个表示所有元音字符的字符簇,就把所有的元音字符放在一个方括号里:

[AaEeIiOoUu]

这个模式与任何元音字符匹配,但只能表示一个字符。用连字号可以表示一个字符的范围,如:

[a-z] //匹配所有的小写字母
[A-Z] //匹配所有的大写字母
[a-zA-Z] //匹配所有的字母
[0-9] //匹配所有的数字
[0-9\.\-] //匹配所有的数字,句号和减号
[ \f\r\t\n] //匹配所有的白字符

同样的,这些也只表示一个字符,这是一个非常重要的。如果要匹配一个由一个小写字母和一位数字组成的字符串,比如"z2"、"t6"或"g7",但不是"ab2"、"r2d3" 或"b52"的话,用这个模式:

^[a-z][0-9]$

尽管[a-z]代表26个字母的范围,但在这里它只能与第一个字符是小写字母的字符串匹配。

前面曾经提到^表示字符串的开头,但它还有另外一个含义。当在一组方括号里使用^是,它表示“非”或“排除”的意思,常常用来剔除某个字符。还用前面的例子,我们要求第一个字符不能是数字:

^[^0-9][0-9]$

这个模式与"&5"、"g7"及"-2"是匹配的,但与"12"、"66"是不匹配的。下面是几个排除特定字符的例子:

[^a-z] //除了小写字母以外的所有字符
[^\\\/\^] //除了(\)(/)(^)之外的所有字符
[^\"\'] //除了双引号(")和单引号(')之外的所有字符


特殊字符"." (点,句号)在正规表达式中用来表示除了“新行”之外的所有字符。所以模式"^.5$"与任何两个字符的、以数字5结尾和以其他非“新行”字符开头的字符串匹配。模式"."可以匹配任何字符串,除了空串和只包括一个“新行”的字符串。

PHP的正规表达式有一些内置的通用字符簇,列表如下:

字符簇 含义
[[:alpha:]] 任何字母
[[:digit:]] 任何数字
[[:alnum:]] 任何字母和数字
[[:space:]] 任何白字符
[[:upper:]] 任何大写字母
[[:lower:]] 任何小写字母
[[:punct:]] 任何标点符号
[[:xdigit:]] 任何16进制的数字,相当于[0-9a-fA-F]

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