Detailed explanation of PyTorch batch training and optimizer comparison

This article mainly introduces the detailed explanation of PyTorch batch training and optimizer comparison. It introduces in detail what PyTorch batch training and PyTorch's Optimizer optimizer are. It is of great practical value. Friends in need can refer to it

1. PyTorch batch training

1. Overview

PyTorch provides a way to package data for batch training Training tool - DataLoader. When using it, we only need to first convert our data into the tensor form of torch, then convert it into a Dataset format that torch can recognize, and then put the Dataset into the DataLoader.

import torch 
import torch.utils.data as Data 
 
torch.manual_seed(1) # 设定随机数种子 
 
BATCH_SIZE = 5 
 
x = torch.linspace(1, 10, 10) 
y = torch.linspace(0.5, 5, 10) 
 
# 将数据转换为torch的dataset格式 
torch_dataset = Data.TensorDataset(data_tensor=x, target_tensor=y) 
 
# 将torch_dataset置入Dataloader中 
loader = Data.DataLoader( 
  dataset=torch_dataset, 
  batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, # 批大小 
  # 若dataset中的样本数不能被batch_size整除的话，最后剩余多少就使用多少 
  shuffle=True, # 是否随机打乱顺序 
  num_workers=2, # 多线程读取数据的线程数 
  ) 
 
for epoch in range(3): 
  for step, (batch_x, batch_y) in enumerate(loader): 
    print('Epoch:', epoch, '|Step:', step, '|batch_x:', 
       batch_x.numpy(), '|batch_y', batch_y.numpy()) 
''''' 
shuffle=True 
Epoch: 0 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 6. 7. 2. 3. 1.] |batch_y [ 3.  3.5 1.  1.5 0.5] 
Epoch: 0 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 9. 10.  4.  8.  5.] |batch_y [ 4.5 5.  2.  4.  2.5] 
Epoch: 1 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 3.  4.  2.  9. 10.] |batch_y [ 1.5 2.  1.  4.5 5. ] 
Epoch: 1 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 1. 7. 8. 5. 6.] |batch_y [ 0.5 3.5 4.  2.5 3. ] 
Epoch: 2 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 3. 9. 2. 6. 7.] |batch_y [ 1.5 4.5 1.  3.  3.5] 
Epoch: 2 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 10.  4.  8.  1.  5.] |batch_y [ 5.  2.  4.  0.5 2.5] 
 
shuffle=False 
Epoch: 0 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.] |batch_y [ 0.5 1.  1.5 2.  2.5] 
Epoch: 0 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 6.  7.  8.  9. 10.] |batch_y [ 3.  3.5 4.  4.5 5. ] 
Epoch: 1 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.] |batch_y [ 0.5 1.  1.5 2.  2.5] 
Epoch: 1 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 6.  7.  8.  9. 10.] |batch_y [ 3.  3.5 4.  4.5 5. ] 
Epoch: 2 |Step: 0 |batch_x: [ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.] |batch_y [ 0.5 1.  1.5 2.  2.5] 
Epoch: 2 |Step: 1 |batch_x: [ 6.  7.  8.  9. 10.] |batch_y [ 3.  3.5 4.  4.5 5. ] 
'''

2. TensorDataset

classtorch.utils.data.TensorDataset(data_tensor, target_tensor)

TensorDataset class To package the samples and their labels into a torch Dataset, data_tensor, and target_tensor are both tensors.

3. DataLoader

##Copy code The code is as follows:

classtorch.utils .data.DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=1, shuffle=False, sampler=None,num_workers=0, collate_fn=9ade065bd6c645402c3d08d2a19f19f6, pin_memory=False,drop_last=False)

dataset is Torch’s Dataset Format object; batch_size is the number of samples for each batch of training, the default is; shuffle indicates whether samples need to be taken randomly; num_workers indicates the number of threads to read samples.

2. PyTorch's Optimizer

In this experiment, first construct a set of data sets, convert the format and place it in the DataLoader. spare. Define a default neural network with a fixed structure, and then build a neural network for each optimizer. The difference between each neural network is only the optimizer. By recording the loss value during the training process, the optimization process of each optimizer is finally presented on the image.

Code implementation:

import torch 
import torch.utils.data as Data 
import torch.nn.functional as F 
from torch.autograd import Variable 
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 
torch.manual_seed(1) # 设定随机数种子 
 
# 定义超参数 
LR = 0.01 # 学习率 
BATCH_SIZE = 32 # 批大小 
EPOCH = 12 # 迭代次数 
 
x = torch.unsqueeze(torch.linspace(-1, 1, 1000), dim=1) 
y = x.pow(2) + 0.1*torch.normal(torch.zeros(*x.size())) 
 
#plt.scatter(x.numpy(), y.numpy()) 
#plt.show() 
 
# 将数据转换为torch的dataset格式 
torch_dataset = Data.TensorDataset(data_tensor=x, target_tensor=y) 
# 将torch_dataset置入Dataloader中 
loader = Data.DataLoader(dataset=torch_dataset, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, 
             shuffle=True, num_workers=2) 
 
class Net(torch.nn.Module): 
  def __init__(self): 
    super(Net, self).__init__() 
    self.hidden = torch.nn.Linear(1, 20) 
    self.predict = torch.nn.Linear(20, 1) 
 
  def forward(self, x): 
    x = F.relu(self.hidden(x)) 
    x = self.predict(x) 
    return x 
 
# 为每个优化器创建一个Net 
net_SGD = Net() 
net_Momentum = Net() 
net_RMSprop = Net() 
net_Adam = Net()  
nets = [net_SGD, net_Momentum, net_RMSprop, net_Adam] 
 
# 初始化优化器 
opt_SGD = torch.optim.SGD(net_SGD.parameters(), lr=LR) 
opt_Momentum = torch.optim.SGD(net_Momentum.parameters(), lr=LR, momentum=0.8) 
opt_RMSprop = torch.optim.RMSprop(net_RMSprop.parameters(), lr=LR, alpha=0.9) 
opt_Adam = torch.optim.Adam(net_Adam.parameters(), lr=LR, betas=(0.9, 0.99)) 
 
optimizers = [opt_SGD, opt_Momentum, opt_RMSprop, opt_Adam] 
 
# 定义损失函数 
loss_function = torch.nn.MSELoss() 
losses_history = [[], [], [], []] # 记录training时不同神经网络的loss值 
 
for epoch in range(EPOCH): 
  print('Epoch:', epoch + 1, 'Training...') 
  for step, (batch_x, batch_y) in enumerate(loader): 
    b_x = Variable(batch_x) 
    b_y = Variable(batch_y) 
 
    for net, opt, l_his in zip(nets, optimizers, losses_history): 
      output = net(b_x) 
      loss = loss_function(output, b_y) 
      opt.zero_grad() 
      loss.backward() 
      opt.step() 
      l_his.append(loss.data[0]) 
 
labels = ['SGD', 'Momentum', 'RMSprop', 'Adam'] 
 
for i, l_his in enumerate(losses_history): 
  plt.plot(l_his, label=labels[i]) 
plt.legend(loc='best') 
plt.xlabel('Steps') 
plt.ylabel('Loss') 
plt.ylim((0, 0.2)) 
plt.show()

Experimental results:

It can be seen from the experimental results , the optimization effect of SGD is the worst and the speed is very slow; as an improved version of SGD, Momentum performs much better; compared with RMSprop and Adam, the optimization speed is very good. In the experiment, for different optimization problems, the effects of various optimizers were compared before deciding which one to use.

3. Other supplements

1. Python’s zip function

zip function accepts any Multiple (including 0 and 1) sequences are taken as parameters and a tuple list is returned.

x = [1, 2, 3] 
y = [4, 5, 6] 
z = [7, 8, 9] 
xyz = zip(x, y, z) 
print xyz 
[(1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9)] 
 
x = [1, 2, 3] 
x = zip(x) 
print x 
[(1,), (2,), (3,)] 
 
x = [1, 2, 3] 
y = [4, 5, 6, 7] 
xy = zip(x, y) 
print xy 
[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]

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