How to solve error handling and exception handling mechanisms in PHP

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When writing PHP programs Error handling is an important part. If the program lacks error detection code, it will look unprofessional and open the door to security risks.

Example:

<?php
    $a = fopen(&#39;test.txt&#39;,&#39;r&#39;);
    //这里并没有对文件进行判断就打开了，如果文件不存在就会报错
?>

The correct way to write it should be as follows:

<?php
    if (file_exists(&#39;test.txt&#39;)) {
        $f = fopen(&#39;test.txt&#39;, &#39;r&#39;);
        // 使用完后关闭
        fclose($f);
    }
?>

1. Three ways to handle PHP errors

A. Simple die() statement;

, etc. Priced at exit();

Example:

if (!file_exists('aa.txt')) {
    die('文件不存在');
} else {
    // 执行操作
}
// 如果上面die()被触发，那么这里echo接不被执行
echo 'ok';

Concise writing:

file_exits('aaa.txt') or die('文件不存在');
echo 'ok';

B. Custom errors and error triggers

1. Error handler (custom error, generally used for syntax error handling)

Create a custom error function (handler), which must be able to handle at least two parameters (error_level and errormessage) , but can accept up to five parameters (error_file, error_line, error_context)

Syntax:

function error_function($error_level, $error_message, $error_file, $error_line, $error_context)
// 创建好后还需要改写set_error_handler();函数
set_error_handler('error_function', E_WARNING); // 这里error_function对应上面创建的自定义处理器名，第二个参数为使用自定义错误处理器的错误级别；

Error reporting levels (just understand)

These error reporting levels are errors The handler is designed to handle different types of errors:

值        常量                                  描述
2    E_WARNING    非致命的 run-time 错误。不暂停脚本执行。    
8    E_NOTICE    Run-time 通知。脚本发现可能有错误发生，但也可能在脚本正常运行时发生。    
256    E_USER_ERROR    致命的用户生成的错误。这类似于程序员使用 PHP 函数 trigger_error() 设置的 E_ERROR。    
512    E_USER_WARNING    非致命的用户生成的警告。这类似于程序员使用 PHP 函数 trigger_error() 设置的 E_WARNING。    
1024    E_USER_NOTICE    用户生成的通知。这类似于程序员使用 PHP 函数 trigger_error() 设置的 E_NOTICE。    
4096    E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR    可捕获的致命错误。类似 E_ERROR，但可被用户定义的处理程序捕获。(参见 set_error_handler())    
8191    E_ALL    所有错误和警告，除级别 E_STRICT 以外。（在 PHP 6.0，E_STRICT 是 E_ALL 的一部分）

2. Error trigger (generally used to handle logical errors)

Requirements: For example, to receive an age, if a number If it is greater than 120, it is considered an error

Traditional method:

<?php
if ($age > 120) {
    echo &#39;年龄错误&#39;;
    exit();
}
?>

Use trigger:

<?php
if ($age > 120) {
    // trigger_error(&#39;错误信息&#39;[，&#39;错误等级&#39;]); 这里错误等级为可选项，用于定义该错误的级别
    // 用户定义的级别包含以下三种：E_USER_WARNING 、E_USER_ERROR 、E_USER_NOTICE
    trigger_error(&#39;年龄错误&#39;); // 这里是调用的系统默认的错误处理方式，我们也可以用自定义处理器
}
 
/**
 * 自定义处理器，与上面相同
 */
function myerror($error_level, $error_message) {
    echo &#39;error text&#39;;
}
 
//  同时需要改变系统默认的处理函数
set_error_handler(&#39;myerror&#39;, E_USER_WARNING); // 同上面，第一个参数为自定义函数的名称，第二个为错误级别【这里的错误级别通常为以下三种：E_USER_WARNING 、E_USER_ERROR 、E_USER_NOTICE】
// 现在再使用trigger_error就可以使用自定义的错误处理函数了
?>

Exercise questions:

<?php
date_default_timezone_set(&#39;PRC&#39;);
function myerror($error_level, $error_message) {
    $info = "错误号：$error_level";
    $info .= "错误信息：$error_message";
    $info .= &#39;发生时间：&#39; . date(&#39;Y-m-d H:i:s&#39;);
    $filename = &#39;aa.txt&#39;;
    if (!$fp = fopen($filename, &#39;a&#39;)) {
        echo &#39;创建文件&#39; . $filename . &#39;失败&#39;;
    }
    if (is_writeable($filename)) {
        if (!fwrite($fp, $info)) {
            echo &#39;写入文件失败&#39;;
        } else {
            echo &#39;已成功记录错误信息&#39;;
        }
        fclose($fp);
    } else {
        echo &#39;文件&#39; . $filename . &#39;不可写&#39;;
    }
    exit();
}
 
set_error_handler(&#39;myerror&#39;, E_WARNING);
$fp = fopen(&#39;aaa.txt&#39;, &#39;r&#39;);
?>

C, Error log

By default, according to the error_log configuration in php.ini, PHP sends error records to the server's error recording system or file. Error records can be sent to files or remote destinations by using the error_log() function;

Syntax:

error_log(error[, type, destination, headers])

The type part generally uses 3, which means appending error information to the end of the file without overwriting it The original content destination represents the destination, that is, the stored file or remote destination

For example: error_log("$error_info",3,"errors.txt");

2. PHP exception handling [Key Points]

1. Basic syntax

<?php
try {
    // 可能出现错误或异常的代码
    //catch 捕获  Exception是PHP已定义好的异常类
} catch (Exception $e) {
    // 对异常处理，方法：
    //1、自己处理
    //2、不处理，可以再次抛出 throw new Exception(&#39;xxx&#39;);
}
?>

2. The handler should include:

try - The function that uses exceptions should be located in the "try" code block. If no exception is triggered, the code continues execution as usual. But if an exception is triggered, an exception will be thrown;

throw - This specifies how to trigger the exception. Each "throw" must correspond to at least one "catch";

catch - "catch" code block will catch the exception and create an object containing exception information;

Let us trigger an exception ：

?php
/**
 * 创建可抛出一个异常的函数
 */
function checkNum($number) {
    if ($number > 1) {
        throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below");
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
// 在 "try" 代码块中触发异常
try {
    checkNum(2);
    // 如果异常被抛出，那么下面一行代码将不会被输出
    echo 'If you see this, the number is 1 or below';
} catch (Exception $e) {
    // 捕获异常
    echo 'Message: ' . $e->getMessage();
}
?>

The above code will get an error similar to this:

Message: Value must be 1 or below

Example explanation:

The above code throws an exception and catches it:

Create the checkNum() function, which detects whether the number is greater than 1, and if so, throws an abnormal.

Call the checkNum() function in the "try" code block.

Exception in checkNum() function is thrown.

The "catch" code block receives the exception and creates an object ($e) containing the exception information.

Output the error message from this exception by calling $e->getMessage() from this exception object.

However, in order to follow the principle of "each throw must correspond to a catch", you can set up a top-level exception handler to handle missed errors.

The set_exception_handler() function can set a user-defined function that handles all uncaught exceptions.

<?php
/**
 * 设置一个顶级异常处理器
 */
function myexception($e) {
    echo &#39;this is top exception&#39;;
}
 
// 修改默认的异常处理器
set_exception_handler("myexception");
try {
    $i = 5;
    if ($i < 10) {
        throw new Exception(&#39;$i must greater than 10&#39;);
    }
} catch (Exception $e) {
    // 处理异常
    echo $e->getMessage() . &#39;<br/>&#39;;
 
    // 不处理异常，继续抛出
    throw new Exception(&#39;errorinfo&#39;); // 也可以用throw $e 保留原错误信息;
}
?>

Create a custom exception class

<?php
class customException extends Exception {
    public function errorMessage() {
        $errorMsg = &#39;Error on line &#39; . $this->getLine() . &#39; in &#39; . $this->getFile() . &#39;: <b>&#39; . $this->getMessage() . &#39;</b> is not a valid E-Mail address&#39;;
        return $errorMsg;
    }
}
 
// 使用
try {
    throw new customException(&#39;error message&#39;);
} catch (customException $e) {
    echo $e->errorMessage();
}
?>

You can use multiple catches to return error messages under different circumstances

<?php
try {
    $i = 5;
    if ($i > 0) {
        throw new customException(&#39;error message&#39;); // 使用自定义异常类处理
    }
    if ($i < -10) {
        throw new Exception(&#39;error2&#39;); // 使用系统默认异常处理
    }
} catch (customException $e) {
    echo $e->getMessage();
} catch (Exception $e1) {
    echo $e1->getMessage();
}
?>

Exception rules

Code that requires exception handling should be placed within a try block to catch potential exceptions.

Each try or throw code block must have at least one corresponding catch code block.

Use multiple catch code blocks to catch different types of exceptions.

Exceptions can be re-thrown in the catch code block within the try code.

In short: if an exception is thrown, you must catch it.

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