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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP Tutorialphp面向对象全攻略 (九)访问类型_php基础

13.访问类型
类型的访问修饰符允许开发人员对类成员的访问进行限制,这是PHP5 的新特性,但却
是OOP 语言的一个好的特性。而且大多数OOP 语言都已支持此特性。PHP5 支持如下3 种访
问修饰符
public (公有的、默认的),private (私有的)和protected (受保护的)三种。
public 公有修饰符,类中的成员将没有访问限制,所有的外部成员都可以访问(读和写)
这个类成员(包括成员属性和成员方法),在PHP5 之前的所有版本中,PHP 中类的成员都是
public 的,而且在PHP5 中如果类的成员没有指定成员访问修饰符,将被视为public。
例:public $name;
public function say(){};
private 私有修改符,被定义为private 的成员,对于同一个类里的所有成员是可见的,即
是没有访问限制;但对于该类的外部代码是不允许改变甚至读操作,对于该类的子类,也不
能访问private 修饰的成员。
例:private $var1 = ‘A'; //属性
private function getValue(){} //函数
protected 保护成员修饰符,被修饰为protected 的成员不能被该类的外部代码访问。但是
对于该类的子类有访问权限,可以进行属性、方法的读及写操作,该子类的外部代码包括其的
子类都不具有访问其属性和方法的权限。
例:protected $name;
protected function say(){};
private protected public
同一个类中 √ √ √
类的子类中 √ √
所有的外部成员 √
代码片段
复制代码 代码如下:

/**
* Define MyClass
*/
class MyClass{
public $public = 'Public';
protected $protected = 'Protected';
private $private = 'Private';
function printHello(){
echo $this->public;
echo $this->protected;
echo $this->private;
}
}
$obj = new MyClass();
echo $obj->public; //Works
echo $obj->protected; // Fatal Error
echo $obj->private; // Fatal Error
$obj->printHello(); // Shows Public, Protected and Private
/**
* Define MyClass2
*/
class MyClass2 extends MyClass{
//We can redeclare the public and protected method, but not private
protected $protected = 'Protected2';
function printHello(){
echo $this->public;
echo $this->protected;
echo $this->private;
}
}
$obj2 = new MyClass2();
echo $obj->public; //Works
echo $obj2->private; // Undefined
echo $obj2->protected; // Fatal Error
$obj2->printHello(); // Shows Public, Protected2, not Private
?>

代码片段
复制代码 代码如下:

/**
* Define MyClass
*/
class MyClass{
// Contructors must be public
public function __construct() { }
// Declare a public method
public function MyPublic() { }
// Declare a protected method
protected function MyProtected() { }
// Declare a private method
private function MyPrivate() { }
// This is public
function Foo() {
$this->MyPublic();
$this->MyProtected();
$this->MyPrivate();
}
}
$myclass = new MyClass;
$myclass->MyPublic(); //Works
$myclass->MyProtected(); // Fatal Error
$myclass->MyPrivate(); // Fatal Error
$myclass->Foo(); // Public, Protected and Private work
/**
* Define MyClass2
*/
class MyClass2 extends MyClass{
// This is public
function Foo2(){
$this->MyPublic();
$this->MyProtected();
$this->MyPrivate(); // Fatal Error
}
}
$myclass2 = new MyClass2;
$myclass2->MyPublic(); // Works
$myclass2->Foo2(); // Public and Protected work, not Private
?>

另外在子类覆盖父类的方法时也要注意一点,子类中方法的访问权限一定不能低于父类
被覆盖方法的访问权限,也就是一定要高于或等于父类方法的访问权限。
例如,如果父类方法的访问权限是protected 那么子类中要覆盖的权限就要是protected
和public,如果父类的方法是public 那么子类中要覆盖的方法只能也是public,总之子类中的
方法总是要高于或等于父类被覆盖方法的访问权限。
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