有过C语言编程经验的朋友都知道在C语言中如果要引用sqrt这个函数,必须用语句"#include
一.模块的引入
在Python中用关键字import来引入某个模块,比如要引用模块math,就可以在文件最开始的地方用import math来引入。在调用math模块中的函数时,必须这样引用:
模块名.函数名
为什么必须加上模块名这样调用呢?因为可能存在这样一种情况:在多个模块中含有相同名称的函数,此时如果只是通过函数名来调用,解释器无法知道到底要调用哪个函数。所以如果像上述这样引入模块的时候,调用函数必须加上模块名。
import math#这样会报错print sqrt(2)#这样才能正确输出结果print math.sqrt(2)
有时候我们只需要用到模块中的某个函数,只需要引入该函数即可,此时可以通过语句
from 模块名 import 函数名1,函数名2....
来实现,当然可以通过不仅仅可以引入函数,还可以引入一些常量。通过这种方式引入的时候,调用函数时只能给出函数名,不能给出模块名,但是当两个模块中含有相同名称函数的时候,后面一次引入会覆盖前一次引入。也就是说假如模块A中有函数function( ),在模块B中也有函数function( ),如果引入A中的function在先、B中的function在后,那么当调用function函数的时候,是去执行模块B中的function函数。
如果想一次性引入math中所有的东西,还可以通过from math import *来实现,但是不建议这么做。
二.定义自己的模块
在Python中,每个Python文件都可以作为一个模块,模块的名字就是文件的名字。
比如有这样一个文件test.py,在test.py中定义了函数add:
#test.pydef add(a,b): return a+b
那么在其他文件中就可以先import test,然后通过test.add(a,b)来调用了,当然也可以通过from test import add来引入。
三.在引入模块的时候发生了什么
先看一个例子,在文件test.py中的代码:
#test.pydef display(): print 'hello world' display()
在test1.py中引入模块test:
#test1.pyimport test
然后运行test1.py,会输出"hello world"。也就是说在用import引入模块时,会将引入的模块文件中的代码执行一次。但是注意,只在第一次引入时才会执行模块文件中的代码,因为只在第一次引入时进行加载,这样做很容易理解,不仅可以节约时间还可以节约内存。
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