


Detailed explanation of Bcrypt, PHP's more secure password encryption mechanism
这篇文章主要给大家介绍了关于PHP更安全的密码加密机制Bcrypt的相关资料,文中介绍的非常详细,对大家具有一定的参考学习价值,需要的朋友们下面来一起学习学习吧。
前言
我们常常为了避免在服务器受到攻击,数据库被拖库时,用户的明文密码不被泄露,一般会对密码进行单向不可逆加密——哈希。
常见的方式是:
哈希方式 | 加密密码 |
md5(‘123456') | e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e |
md5(‘123456' . ($salt = ‘salt')) | 207acd61a3c1bd506d7e9a4535359f8a |
sha1(‘123456') | 40位密文 |
hash(‘sha256', ‘123456') | 64位密文 |
hash(‘sha512', ‘123456') | 128位密文 |
密文越长,在相同机器上,进行撞库消耗的时间越长,相对越安全。
比较常见的哈希方式是 md5 + 盐,避免用户设置简单密码,被轻松破解。
password_hash
但是,现在要推荐的是 password_hash()
函数,可以轻松对密码实现加盐加密,而且几乎不能破解。
$password = '123456'; var_dump(password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT)); var_dump(password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT));
password_hash
生成的哈希长度是 PASSWORD_BCRYPT —— 60位,PASSWORD_DEFAULT —— 60位 ~ 255位。PASSWORD_DEFAULT 取值跟 php 版本有关系,会等于其他值,但不影响使用。
每一次 password_hash
运行结果都不一样,因此需要使用 password_verify
函数进行验证。
$password = '123456'; $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT); var_dump(password_verify($password, $hash));
password_hash
会把计算 hash 的所有参数都存储在 hash 结果中,可以使用 password_get_info
获取相关信息。
$password = '123456'; $hash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT); var_dump(password_get_info($hash));
输出
array(3) { ["algo"]=> int(1) ["algoName"]=> string(6) "bcrypt" ["options"]=> array(1) { ["cost"]=> int(10) } }
注意:不包含 salt
可以看出我当前版本的 PHP 使用 PASSWORD_DEFAULT
实际是使用 PASSWORD_BCRYPT
。
password_hash($password, $algo, $options)
的第三个参数 $options
支持设置至少 22 位的 salt。但仍然强烈推荐使用 PHP 默认生成的 salt,不要主动设置 salt。
当要更新加密算法和加密选项时,可以通过 password_needs_rehash
判断是否需要重新加密,下面的代码是一段官方示例
$options = array('cost' => 11); // Verify stored hash against plain-text password if (password_verify($password, $hash)) { // Check if a newer hashing algorithm is available // or the cost has changed if (password_needs_rehash($hash, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, $options)) { // If so, create a new hash, and replace the old one $newHash = password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT, $options); } // Log user in }
password_needs_rehash
可以理解为比较 $algo
+ $option
和 password_get_info($hash)
返回值。
password_hash 运算慢
password_hash
是出了名的运行慢,也就意味着在相同时间内,密码重试次数少,泄露风险降低。
$password = '123456'; var_dump(microtime(true)); var_dump(password_hash($password, PASSWORD_DEFAULT)); var_dump(microtime(true)); echo "\n"; var_dump(microtime(true)); var_dump(md5($password)); for ($i = 0; $i < 999; $i++) { md5($password); } var_dump(microtime(true));
输出
float(1495594920.7034) string(60) "$2y$10$9ZLvgzqmiZPEkYiIUchT6eUJqebekOAjFQO8/jW/Q6DMrmWNn0PDm" float(1495594920.7818) float(1495594920.7818) string(32) "e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e" float(1495594920.7823)
password_hash
运行一次耗时 784 毫秒, md5 运行 1000 次耗时 5 毫秒。这是一个非常粗略的比较,跟运行机器有关,但也可以看出 password_hash
运行确实非常慢。
总结
The above is the detailed content of Detailed explanation of Bcrypt, PHP's more secure password encryption mechanism. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

What’s still popular is the ease of use, flexibility and a strong ecosystem. 1) Ease of use and simple syntax make it the first choice for beginners. 2) Closely integrated with web development, excellent interaction with HTTP requests and database. 3) The huge ecosystem provides a wealth of tools and libraries. 4) Active community and open source nature adapts them to new needs and technology trends.

PHP and Python are both high-level programming languages that are widely used in web development, data processing and automation tasks. 1.PHP is often used to build dynamic websites and content management systems, while Python is often used to build web frameworks and data science. 2.PHP uses echo to output content, Python uses print. 3. Both support object-oriented programming, but the syntax and keywords are different. 4. PHP supports weak type conversion, while Python is more stringent. 5. PHP performance optimization includes using OPcache and asynchronous programming, while Python uses cProfile and asynchronous programming.

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

PHP remains important in the modernization process because it supports a large number of websites and applications and adapts to development needs through frameworks. 1.PHP7 improves performance and introduces new features. 2. Modern frameworks such as Laravel, Symfony and CodeIgniter simplify development and improve code quality. 3. Performance optimization and best practices further improve application efficiency.

PHPhassignificantlyimpactedwebdevelopmentandextendsbeyondit.1)ItpowersmajorplatformslikeWordPressandexcelsindatabaseinteractions.2)PHP'sadaptabilityallowsittoscaleforlargeapplicationsusingframeworkslikeLaravel.3)Beyondweb,PHPisusedincommand-linescrip

PHP type prompts to improve code quality and readability. 1) Scalar type tips: Since PHP7.0, basic data types are allowed to be specified in function parameters, such as int, float, etc. 2) Return type prompt: Ensure the consistency of the function return value type. 3) Union type prompt: Since PHP8.0, multiple types are allowed to be specified in function parameters or return values. 4) Nullable type prompt: Allows to include null values and handle functions that may return null values.


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

SecLists
SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.

WebStorm Mac version
Useful JavaScript development tools

Atom editor mac version download
The most popular open source editor

EditPlus Chinese cracked version
Small size, syntax highlighting, does not support code prompt function

DVWA
Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software