Canvas implements magnifying glass effect

　Picture magnifying glass

　Effect

Online demonstration source code

Principle

## First select an area of ​​the picture , then enlarge this area, and then draw it on the original picture, ensuring that the center points of the two areas are consistent, as shown in the following figure:

##　

Initialization

<canvas id="canvas" width="500" height="500">
</canvas>

<img src="image.png" style="display: none" id="img">

Obtain the canvas and image objects, here use the

tag to preload the image, About image preloading, you can see here

var canvas = document.getElementById("canvas");
var context = canvas.getContext("2d");
var img = document.getElementById("img");

Setting related variables

// 图片被放大区域的中心点，也是放大镜的中心点
var centerPoint = {};
// 图片被放大区域的半径
var originalRadius = 100;
// 图片被放大区域
var originalRectangle = {};
// 放大倍数
var scale = 2;
// 放大后区域
var scaleGlassRectangle

Drawing background images

function drawBackGround() {
    context.drawImage(img, 0, 0);
}

Calculate the range of the magnified area of ​​the picture

Here we use the position of the mouse as the center point of the magnified area (the magnifying glass moves as the mouse moves), because the canvas When drawing a picture, you need to know the coordinates of the upper left corner and the width and height of the area, so here we calculate the range of the area

function calOriginalRectangle(point) {
    originalRectangle.x = point.x - originalRadius;
    originalRectangle.y = point.y - originalRadius;
    originalRectangle.width = originalRadius * 2;
    originalRectangle.height = originalRadius * 2;
}

Drawing the magnifying glass area

　

Cropping area

A magnifying glass is generally circular. Here we use the clip function to cut out a circular area, and then draw the magnified image in this area. Once a certain area is clipped, all future drawings will be limited to this area. Here we use the save and restore methods to clear the impact of the clipped area. save saves the current state of the canvas, including the context attributes of the canvas, such as style, lineWidth, etc., and then pushes this state into a stack. restore is used to restore the state of the last save and pop the top-most state from the stack.

context.save();
context.beginPath();
context.arc(centerPoint.x, centerPoint.y, originalRadius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false);
context.clip();
......
context.restore();

　

Calculate the magnifying glass area

Obtain the area through the center point, the width and height of the magnified area and the magnification factor The coordinates of the upper left corner and the width and height of the area.

scaleGlassRectangle = {
    x: centerPoint.x - originalRectangle.width * scale / 2,
    y: centerPoint.y - originalRectangle.height * scale / 2,
    width: originalRectangle.width * scale,
    height: originalRectangle.height * scale
}

Drawing pictures## Here we use context.drawImage(img,sx,sy,swidth,sheight ,x,y,width,height); method, will The canvas itself acts as a picture, then takes the image of the magnified area and draws it into the magnifying glass area.

context.drawImage(canvas,
    originalRectangle.x, originalRectangle.y,
    originalRectangle.width, originalRectangle.height,
    scaleGlassRectangle.x, scaleGlassRectangle.y,
    scaleGlassRectangle.width, scaleGlassRectangle.height
);

　

Draw the magnified edge

## CreateRadialGradient is used to draw gradient images

context.beginPath();
var gradient = context.createRadialGradient(
    centerPoint.x, centerPoint.y, originalRadius - 5,
    centerPoint.x, centerPoint.y, originalRadius);
gradient.addColorStop(0, 'rgba(0,0,0,0.2)');
gradient.addColorStop(0.80, 'silver');
gradient.addColorStop(0.90, 'silver');
gradient.addColorStop(1.0, 'rgba(150,150,150,0.9)');

context.strokeStyle = gradient;
context.lineWidth = 5;
context.arc(centerPoint.x, centerPoint.y, originalRadius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false);
context.stroke();

Add mouse event

## Add mouse movement event for canvas

canvas.onmousemove = function (e) {
    ......
}

Convert coordinates

The coordinates obtained by mouse events are generally screen or window coordinates, and we need to convert them to canvas coordinates. getBoundingClientRect Used to obtain the left, top, right and bottom positions of an element on the page relative to the browser window.

function windowToCanvas(x, y) {
    var bbox = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
    return {x: x - bbox.left, y: y - bbox.top}
}

　 Modify the mouse style

We can modify the mouse style through css

#canvas {
    display: block;
    border: 1px solid red;
    margin: 0 auto;
    cursor: crosshair;
}

　

Chart magnifying glass

We may be based on canvas When drawing some charts or images, if the coordinates of two elements are relatively close, it will have some impact on the selection of elements. For example, if we draw two lines, the coordinates of one line are (200.5, 400) -> (200.5, 200), and the coordinates of the other line are (201.5, 400) -> (201.5, 20), then the two lines will almost overlap, as shown in the following figure:

The effect of using the chart magnifying glass

##　Online demonstration source code

　

Principle

　　类似于地图中的图例，放大镜使用较为精确的图例，如下图所示：

　　在放大镜坐标系统中，原始的区域会变大，如下图所示

　　绘制原始线段

　　首先创建一个线段对象

function Line(xStart, yStart, xEnd, yEnd, index, color) {
    // 起点x坐标
    this.xStart = xStart;
    // 起点y坐标
    this.yStart = yStart;
    // 终点x坐标
    this.xEnd = xEnd;
    // 终点y坐标
    this.yEnd = yEnd;
    // 用来标记是哪条线段
    this.index = index;
    // 线段颜色
    this.color = color;
}

　　初始化线段

　

// 原始线段
var chartLines = new Array();
// 处于放大镜中的原始线段
var glassLines;
// 放大后的线段
var scaleGlassLines;
// 位于放大镜中的线段数量
var glassLineSize;

function initLines() {

    var line;
    line = new Line(200.5, 400, 200.5, 200, 0, "#888");
    chartLines.push(line);
    line = new Line(201.5, 400, 201.5, 20, 1, "#888");
    chartLines.push(line);


    glassLineSize = chartLines.length;
    glassLines = new Array(glassLineSize);
    for (var i = 0; i < glassLineSize; i++) {
        line = new Line(0, 0, 0, 0, i);
        glassLines[i] = line;
    }

    scaleGlassLines = new Array(glassLineSize);
    for (var i = 0; i < glassLineSize; i++) {
        line = new Line(0, 0, 0, 0, i);
        scaleGlassLines[i] = line;
    }
}

　　绘制线段

function drawLines() {
    var line;
    context.lineWidth = 1;

    for (var i = 0; i < chartLines.length; i++) {
        line = chartLines[i];
        context.beginPath();
        context.strokeStyle = line.color;
        context.moveTo(line.xStart, line.yStart);
        context.lineTo(line.xEnd, line.yEnd);
        context.stroke();
    }
}

　　计算原始区域和放大镜区域

function calGlassRectangle(point) {
    originalRectangle.x = point.x - originalRadius;
    originalRectangle.y = point.y - originalRadius;
    originalRectangle.width = originalRadius * 2;
    originalRectangle.height = originalRadius * 2;

    scaleGlassRectangle.width = originalRectangle.width * scale;
    scaleGlassRectangle.height = originalRectangle.height * scale;
    scaleGlassRectangle.x = originalRectangle.x + originalRectangle.width / 2 - scaleGlassRectangle.width / 2;
    scaleGlassRectangle.y = originalRectangle.y + originalRectangle.height / 2 - scaleGlassRectangle.height / 2;

    // 将值装换为整数
    scaleGlassRectangle.width = parseInt(scaleGlassRectangle.width);
    scaleGlassRectangle.height = parseInt(scaleGlassRectangle.height);
    scaleGlassRectangle.x = parseInt(scaleGlassRectangle.x);
    scaleGlassRectangle.y = parseInt(scaleGlassRectangle.y);
}

　　计算线段在新坐标系统的位置

　　由原理图我们知道，放大镜中使用坐标系的图例要比原始坐标系更加精确，比如原始坐标系使用 1:100，那么放大镜坐标系使用 1:10，因此我们需要重新计算线段在放大镜坐标系中的位置。同时为了简便，我们将线段的原始坐标进行了转化，减去原始区域起始的x值和y值，即将原始区域左上角的点看做为(0,0)。

function calScaleLines() {
    var xStart = originalRectangle.x;
    var xEnd = originalRectangle.x + originalRectangle.width;
    var yStart = originalRectangle.y;
    var yEnd = originalRectangle.y + originalRectangle.height;
    var line, gLine, sgLine;
    var glassLineIndex = 0;
    for (var i = 0; i < chartLines.length; i++) {
        line = chartLines[i];

        // 判断线段是否在放大镜中
        if (line.xStart < xStart || line.xEnd > xEnd) {
            continue;
        }
        if (line.yEnd > yEnd || line.yStart < yStart) {
            continue;
        }

        gLine = glassLines[glassLineIndex];
        sgLine = scaleGlassLines[glassLineIndex];
        if (line.yEnd > yEnd) {
            gLine.yEnd = yEnd;
        }
        if (line.yStart < yStart) {
            gLine.yStart = yStart;
        }

        gLine.xStart = line.xStart - xStart;
        gLine.yStart = line.yStart - yStart;
        gLine.xEnd = line.xEnd - xStart;
        gLine.yEnd = line.yEnd - yStart;

        sgLine.xStart = parseInt(gLine.xStart * scale);
        sgLine.yStart = parseInt(gLine.yStart * scale);
        sgLine.xEnd = parseInt(gLine.xEnd * scale);
        sgLine.yEnd = parseInt(gLine.yEnd * scale);
        sgLine.color = line.color;
        glassLineIndex++;
    }
    glassLineSize = glassLineIndex;
}

　　绘制放大镜中心点

　　绘制放大镜中心的瞄准器

function drawAnchor() {
    context.beginPath();
    context.lineWidth = 2;
    context.fillStyle = "#fff";
    context.strokeStyle = "#000";
    context.arc(parseInt(centerPoint.x), parseInt(centerPoint.y), 10, 0, Math.PI * 2, false);

    var radius = 15;
    context.moveTo(parseInt(centerPoint.x - radius), parseInt(centerPoint.y));
    context.lineTo(parseInt(centerPoint.x + radius), parseInt(centerPoint.y));
    context.moveTo(parseInt(centerPoint.x), parseInt(centerPoint.y - radius));
    context.lineTo(parseInt(centerPoint.x), parseInt(centerPoint.y + radius));
    //context.fill();
    context.stroke();
}

　　绘制放大镜

function drawMagnifyingGlass() {

    calScaleLines();

    context.save();
    context.beginPath();
    context.arc(centerPoint.x, centerPoint.y, originalRadius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false);
    context.clip();

    context.beginPath();
    context.fillStyle = "#fff";
    context.arc(centerPoint.x, centerPoint.y, originalRadius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false);
    context.fill();

    context.lineWidth = 4;
    for (var i = 0; i < glassLineSize; i++) {
        context.beginPath();
        context.strokeStyle = scaleGlassLines[i].color;
        context.moveTo(scaleGlassRectangle.x + scaleGlassLines[i].xStart, scaleGlassRectangle.y + scaleGlassLines[i].yStart);
        context.lineTo(scaleGlassRectangle.x + scaleGlassLines[i].xEnd, scaleGlassRectangle.y + scaleGlassLines[i].yEnd);
        context.stroke();
    }
    context.restore();

    context.beginPath();
    var gradient = context.createRadialGradient(
        parseInt(centerPoint.x), parseInt(centerPoint.y), originalRadius - 5,
        parseInt(centerPoint.x), parseInt(centerPoint.y), originalRadius);

    gradient.addColorStop(0.50, &#39;silver&#39;);
    gradient.addColorStop(0.90, &#39;silver&#39;);
    gradient.addColorStop(1, &#39;black&#39;);
    context.strokeStyle = gradient;
    context.lineWidth = 5;
    context.arc(parseInt(centerPoint.x), parseInt(centerPoint.y), originalRadius, 0, Math.PI * 2, false);
    context.stroke();

    drawAnchor();
}

　　添加事件

　　鼠标拖动

　　鼠标移动到放大镜上，然后按下鼠标左键，可以拖动放大镜，不按鼠标左键或者不在放大镜区域都不可以拖动放大镜。

　　为了实现上面的效果，我们要实现3种事件 mousedown, mousemove, 'mouseup', 当鼠标按下时，检测是否在放大镜区域，如果在，设置放大镜可以移动。鼠标移动时更新放大镜中兴点的坐标。鼠标松开时，设置放大镜不可以被移动。

canvas.onmousedown = function (e) {
    var point = windowToCanvas(e.clientX, e.clientY);
    var x1, x2, y1, y2, dis;

    x1 = point.x;
    y1 = point.y;
    x2 = centerPoint.x;
    y2 = centerPoint.y;
    dis = Math.pow(x2 - x1, 2) + Math.pow(y2 - y1, 2);
    if (dis < Math.pow(originalRadius, 2)) {
        lastPoint.x = point.x;
        lastPoint.y = point.y;
        moveGlass = true;
    }
}

canvas.onmousemove = function (e) {
    if (moveGlass) {
        var xDis, yDis;
        var point = windowToCanvas(e.clientX, e.clientY);
        xDis = point.x - lastPoint.x;
        yDis = point.y - lastPoint.y;
        centerPoint.x += xDis;
        centerPoint.y += yDis;
        lastPoint.x = point.x;
        lastPoint.y = point.y;
        draw();
    }
}

canvas.onmouseup = function (e) {
    moveGlass = false;
}

　　鼠标双击

　　当移动到对应的线段上时，鼠标双击可以选择该线段，将该线段的颜色变为红色。

canvas.ondblclick = function (e) {
    var xStart, xEnd, yStart, yEnd;
    var clickPoint = {};
    clickPoint.x = scaleGlassRectangle.x + scaleGlassRectangle.width / 2;
    clickPoint.y = scaleGlassRectangle.y + scaleGlassRectangle.height / 2;
    var index = -1;

    for (var i = 0; i < scaleGlassLines.length; i++) {
        var scaleLine = scaleGlassLines[i];

        xStart = scaleGlassRectangle.x + scaleLine.xStart - 3;
        xEnd = scaleGlassRectangle.x + scaleLine.xStart + 3;
        yStart = scaleGlassRectangle.y + scaleLine.yStart;
        yEnd = scaleGlassRectangle.y + scaleLine.yEnd;

        if (clickPoint.x > xStart && clickPoint.x < xEnd && clickPoint.y < yStart && clickPoint.y > yEnd) {
            scaleLine.color = "#f00";
            index = scaleLine.index;
            break;
        }
    }

    for (var i = 0; i < chartLines.length; i++) {
        var line = chartLines[i];
        if (line.index == index) {
            line.color = "#f00";
        } else {
            line.color = "#888";
        }
    }

    draw();
}

　　键盘事件

　　因为线段离得比较近，所以使用鼠标移动很难精确的选中线段，这里使用键盘的w, a, s, d 来进行精确移动

　

document.onkeyup = function (e) {
    if (e.key == 'w') {
        centerPoint.y = intAdd(centerPoint.y, -0.2);
    }
    if (e.key == 'a') {
        centerPoint.x = intAdd(centerPoint.x, -0.2);
    }
    if (e.key == 's') {
        centerPoint.y = intAdd(centerPoint.y, 0.2);
    }
    if (e.key == 'd') {
        centerPoint.x = intAdd(centerPoint.x, 0.2);
    }
    draw();
}

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