30 common methods to optimize SQl

mysqlSome optimizations when processing massive dataQuerySpeed ​​method

Recently, due to work needs, I have begun to pay attention Relevant optimization methods for the select query statement of Mysql database.

Because in the actual projects I participated in, it was found that when the data volume of the mysql table reaches millions, the efficiency of ordinary SQL queries plummets, and if there are many query conditions in where, the query speed is simply intolerable. . I once tested a conditional query on a table containing more than 4 million records (with index), and the query time was as high as 40 seconds. I believe that such a high query delay will drive any user crazy. Therefore, how to improve the efficiency of SQL statement query is very important. The following are 30 SQL query statement optimization methods that are widely circulated on the Internet:

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1. Try to avoid using the != or operator in the where clause , otherwise the engine will give up using the index and perform a full table scan.

2. To optimize the query, try to avoid full table scans. First, consider creating indexes on the columns involved in where and order by.

3. Try to avoid null value judgment on fields in the where clause, otherwise the engine will give up using the index and perform a full table scan, such as:
select id from t where num is null
You can set the default value 0 on num to ensure that there is no null value in the num column in the table, and then query like this:
select id from t where num=0

4. Try your best Avoid using or in the where clause to connect conditions, otherwise the engine will give up using the index and perform a full table scan, such as:
Select id from t where num=10 or num=20
You can query like this:
SELECT ID FROM T WHERE NUM = 10
##all Select ID FROM T WHERE NUM = 20 # 5. The query below also Will result in a full table scan: (cannot precede the percent sign)
Select id from t where name like '�c%'

If you want to improve efficiency, you can consider full-text search.

6. In and not in should also be used with caution, otherwise it will lead to a full table scan, such as:
select id from t where num in(1,2,3)

For continuous values , if you can use between, don't use in:

Select id from t where num between 1 and 3

7. If parameters are used in the where clause, it will also cause a full table scan. Because SQL resolves local
variables

only at runtime, the optimizer cannot defer selection of an access plan until runtime; it must make the selection at compile time. However, if the access plan is created at compile time, the values ​​of the variables are still unknown and cannot be used as input for index selection. For example, the following statement will perform a full table scan:

select id from t where num=@num You can change it to force the query to use the index: select id from t with (index (index name)) where num= @num

8. Try to avoid
expression

operations on fields in the where clause, which will cause the engine to give up using the index and perform a full table scan. For example:

select id from t where num/2=100 should be changed to: select id from t where num=100*2

9. Try to avoid performing function operations on fields in the where clause, which will cause the engine to give up using the index and perform a full table scan. Such as:
select id from t where substring(name,1,3)='abc'–name id starting with abc
select id from t wheredatediff( day,createdate,'2005-11-30′)=0–'2005-11-30′The generated id
should be changed to:
select id from t where name like 'abc%'
select ID from t where createdate>='2005-11-30′ and createdate

10. Do not perform functions, arithmetic operations or other expression operations on the left side of "=" in the where clause. Otherwise the system may not be able to use the index correctly.

11. When using an index field as a condition, if the index is a composite index, then the first field in the index must be used as the condition to ensure that the system uses the index, otherwise the index will not will be used, and the field order should be consistent with the index order as much as possible.

12. Do not write meaningless queries. For example, if you need to generate an empty table structure:
select col1,col2 into #t from t where 1=0
This type of code will not return anything. The result set, but it will consume system resources, should be changed to this:
create table #t(…)

13. In many cases, using exists instead of in is a good choice:
select num from a where num in(select num from b)
Replace with the following statement:
select num from a where exists(select 1 from b where num=a.num)

14. Not all indexes are valid for queries. SQL queries are optimized based on the data in the table. When there is a large amount of duplicate data in the index column, the SQL query may not To use indexes, for example, if there is a field sex in a table, and almost half are male and half female, then even if an index is built on sex, it will not have any effect on query efficiency.

15. The more indexes, the better. Although the index can improve the efficiency of the corresponding select, it also reduces the efficiency of insert and update, because the index may be rebuilt during insert or update, so what? Indexing requires careful consideration and will depend on the circumstances. It is best not to have more than 6 indexes on a table. If there are too many, you should consider whether it is necessary to build indexes on some columns that are not commonly used.

16. Update clustered index data columns should be avoided as much as possible, because the order of clustered index data columns is the physical storage order of table records. Once the column value changes, the entire table record will be Adjusting the order will consume considerable resources. If the application system needs to frequently update clustered index data columns, then you need to consider whether the index should be built as a clustered index.

17. Try to use numeric fields. If fields contain only numerical information, try not to design them as character fields. This will reduce the performance of queries and connections, and increase storage overhead. This is because the engine will compare each character in the string one by one when processing queries and connections, and only one comparison is enough for numeric types.

18. Use varchar/nvarchar instead of char/nchar as much as possible, because first of all, variable length fields have small storage space and can save storage space. Secondly, for queries, in a relatively small fieldSearchThe efficiency is obviously higher.

19. Do not use select * from t anywhere, replace "*" with a specific field list, and do not return any unused fields.

20. Try to use table variables instead of temporary tables. If the table variable contains a large amount of data, be aware that the indexes are very limited (only primary key indexes).

21. Avoid frequent creation and deletion of temporary tables to reduce the consumption of system table resources.

22. Temporary tables are not unusable. Using them appropriately can make certain routines more efficient, for example, when you need to repeatedly reference a certain data in a large table or a commonly used table When gathering . However, for one-time events, it is better to use an export table.

23. When creating a temporary table, if the one-time insert data is large, you can use select into instead of create table to avoid causing a large number of logs to increase the speed; if the amount of data Not big. In order to alleviate the resources of the system table, you should first create the table and then insert.

24. If temporary tables are used, all temporary tables must be explicitly deleted at the end of Stored Procedure. First truncate table, and then drop table, so as to avoid system table corruption. Locked for a long time.

25. Try to avoid using cursors because cursors are less efficient. If cursor operation involves more than 10,000 rows of data, then you should consider rewriting it.

26. Before using the cursor-based method or the temporary table method, you should first look for a set-based solution to solve the problem. The set-based method is usually more effective.

27. Like temporary tables, cursors are not unusable. Use for small data sets FAST_FORWARD Cursors are often superior to other row-by-row processing methods, especially when several tables must be referenced to obtain the required data. Routines that include "totals" in a result set are usually faster than using a cursor. If development time permits, you can try both the cursor-based method and the set-based method to see which method works better.

28. Set SET NOCOUNT ON at the beginning of all stored procedures and triggers, and set SET NOCOUNT OFF at the end. There is no need to send a DONE_IN_PROC message to the client after each statement of stored procedures and triggers.

29. Try to avoid returning large amounts of data to the client. If the amount of data is too large, you should consider whether the corresponding requirements are reasonable.

30. Try to avoid large transaction operations and improve the system’s concurrency capability.

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