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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialDetailed explanation of MongoDB performance issues when migrating from MySQL to MongoDB

最近忙着把一个项目从MySQL迁移到MongoDB,在导入旧数据的过程中,遇到了些许波折,犯了不少错误,但同时也学到了不少知识,遂记录下来,需要的朋友可以参考下

公司为这个项目专门配备了几台高性能务器,清一色的双路四核超线程CPU,外加32G内存,运维人员安装好MongoDB后,就交我手里了,我习惯于在使用新服务器前先看看相关日志,了解一下基本情况,当我浏览MongoDB日志时,发现一些警告信息:

WARNING: You are running on a NUMA machine. We suggest launching mongod like this to avoid performance problems: numactl –interleave=all mongod [other options]

当时我并不太清楚NUMA是什么东西,所以没有处理,只是把问题反馈给了运维人员,后来知道运维人员也没有理会这茬儿,所以问题的序幕就这样拉开了。

迁移工作需要导入旧数据。MongoDB本身有一个mongoimport工具可供使用,不过它只接受json、csv等格式的源文件,不适合我的需求,所以我没用,而是用PHP写了一个脚本,平稳运行了一段时间后,我发现数据导入的速度下降了,同时PHP抛出异常:

cursor timed out (timeout: 30000, time left: 0:0, status: 0)

我一时判断不出问题所在,想想先在PHP脚本里加大Timeout的值应付一下:

<?php
MongoCursor::$timeout = -1;
?>

可惜这样并没有解决问题,错误反倒变着花样的出现了:

max number of retries exhausted, couldn&#39;t send query, couldn&#39;t send query: Broken pipe

接着使用strace跟踪了一下PHP脚本,发现进程卡在了recvfrom操作上:

shell> strace -f -r -p <PID>
recvfrom(<FD>,

通过如下命令查询recvfrom操作的含义:

shell> apropos recvfrom
receive a message from a socket

或者按照下面的方式确认一下:

shell> lsof -p <PID>
shell> ls -l /proc/<PID>/fd/<FD>

此时如果查询MongoDB的当前操作,会发现几乎每个操作会消耗大量的时间:

mongo> db.currentOp()

与此同时,运行mongostat的话,结果会显示很高的locked值。

我在网络上找到一篇:MongoDB Pre-Splitting for Faster Data Loading and Importing,看上去和我的问题很类似,不过他的问题实质是由于自动分片导致数据迁移所致,解决方法是使用手动分片,而我并没有使用自动分片,自然不是这个原因。

询问了几个朋友,有人反映曾遇到过类似的问题,在他的场景里,问题的主要原因是系统IO操作繁忙时,数据文件预分配堵塞了其它操作,从而导致雪崩效应。

为了验证这种可能,我搜索了一下MongoDB日志:

shell> grep FileAllocator /path/to/log
[FileAllocator] allocating new datafile ... filling with zeroes...
[FileAllocator] done allocating datafile ... took ... secs

我使用的文件系统是ext4(xfs也不错 ),创建数据文件非常快,所以不是这个原因,但如果有人使用ext3,可能会遇到这类问题,所以还是大概介绍一下如何解决:

MongoDB按需自动生成数据文件:先是.0,大小是64M,然后是.1,大小翻番到128M,到了.5,大小翻番到2G,其后的数据文件就保持在2G大小。为了避免可能出现的问题,可以采用事先手动创建数据文件的策略:

#!/bin/sh

DB_NAME=$1

cd /path/to/$DB_NAME

for INDEX_NUMBER in {5..50}; do
  FILE_NAME=$DB_NAME.$INDEX_NUMBER

  if [ ! -e $FILE_NAME ]; then
    head -c 2146435072 /dev/zero > $FILE_NAME
  fi
done

注:数值2146435072并不是标准的2G,这是INT整数范围决定的。

最后一个求助方式就是官方论坛了,那里的国际友人建议我检查一下是不是索引不佳所致,死马当活马医,我激活了Profiler记录慢操作:

mongo> use <DB>
mongo> db.setProfilingLevel(1);

不过结果显示基本都是insert操作(因为我是导入数据为主),本身就不需要索引:

mongo> use <DB>
mongo> db.system.profile.find().sort({$natural:-1})

问题始终没有得到解决,求人不如求己,我又重复了几次迁移旧数据的过程,结果自然还是老样子,但我发现每当出问题的时候,总有一个名叫irqbalance的进程CPU占用率居高不下,搜索了一下,发现很多介绍irqbalance的文章中都提及了NUMA,让我一下子想起之前在日志中看到的警告信息,我勒个去,竟然绕了这么大一个圈圈!安下心来仔细翻阅文档,发现官方其实已经有了相关介绍,按如下设置搞定:

shell> echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/zone_reclaim_mode
shell> numactl --interleave=all mongod [options]

关于zone_reclaim_mode内核参数的说明,可以参考官方文档。

注:从MongoDB1.9.2开始:MongoDB会在启动时自动设置zone_reclaim_mode。

至于NUMA的含义,简单点说,在有多个物理CPU的架构下,NUMA把内存分为本地和远程,每个物理CPU都有属于自己的本地内存,访问本地内存速度快于访问远程内存,缺省情况下,每个物理CPU只能访问属于自己的本地内存。对于MongoDB这种需要大内存的服务来说就可能造成内存不足,NUMA的详细介绍,可以参考老外的文章。

Theoretically, MySQL, Redis, Memcached, etc. may be affected by NUMA and need to be paid attention to.

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