Sample code that explains the Object object in JavaScript in detail

Object is a type we often use in JavaScript, and all objects in JS inherit from the Object object. Although we usually simply use the Object object to store data and do not use many other functions, the Object object actually contains many useful properties and methods, especially the methods added by ES5. Therefore, this article will start from the end. It starts with a basic introduction, detailing the common methods and applications of Object.

Basic introduction

Creating objects

First of all, we all know that an object is a collection of similar data and functions. We use it to simulate objects in our real world. In Javascript, there are usually two ways to create objects: constructors and object literals.

new constructor method

var person = new Object();
person.name = "狼狼的蓝胖子";
person.age = 25;

This method uses the new keyword, followed by the Object constructor, and then dynamically adds different attributes to the object instance. This method is relatively cumbersome, and it is generally recommended to use object literals to create objects.

Object literal

Object literal is easy to understand. It creates objects directly in the form of key/value, which is simple and convenient.

var person = {
    name: “狼狼的蓝胖子”,
    age: 25
};

This method directly wraps the object's attributes with curly braces, uses the key/value method to create object attributes, and separates each attribute with commas.
Note: If it is the last attribute, do not add a comma after it, because an error will be reported in some old browsers.

Properties and methods of object instances

No matter which method is used to create an object instance, the instance will have the following properties and methods, which will be explained one by one below.

constructor attribute

The constructor attribute saves the constructor of the current object. In the previous example, the constructor saves the Object method.

var obj1 = new Object();
obj1.id = "obj1";
var obj2 = {
    "id": "obj2"
};

console.log(obj1.constructor);//function Object(){}
console.log(obj2.constructor);//function Object(){}

hasOwnProperty(propertyName) method

hasOwnProperty method receives a string parameter, which represents the property name and is used to determine whether the property is in the current object instance. rather than in the object's prototype chain. Let's take a look at the following example:

var arr = [];        
console.log(arr.hasOwnProperty("length"));//true
console.log(arr.hasOwnProperty("hasOwnProperty"));//false

In this example, first by defining an instance arr of an array object, we know that the array object actually inherits the Object object through the prototype chain, and then has some of its own Properties, we use the hasOwnProperty method to determine that length is arr's own property, and hasOwnProperty is a property on the prototype chain.

The hasOwnProperty method can be combined with for..in to obtain the object's own key.

isPrototypeOf(Object) method

The isPrototype method receives an object and is used to determine whether the current object is on the prototype chain of the incoming parameter object. It is a bit abstract to say , let’s take a look at the code.

function MyObject() {}
var obj = new MyObject();
console.log(Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(obj));

We know that MyObject inherits from the Object object, and in JS, inheritance is implemented through prototype, so the prototype of Object must be on the prototype chain of the MyObject object instance.

propertyIsEnumerable(prototypeName) method

prototypeIsEnumerable is used to determine whether the given property can be enumerated by the for..in statement. Look at the following code:

var obj = {
    name: "objName"
}  
for (var i in obj) {
    console.log(i);
}

Execute this code to output the string "name", which means that the name attribute of obj can be obtained through the for...in statement, but we know that there are many attributes of obj, such as constructor, such as hasOwnPrototype, etc., but they are not output, indicating that these properties cannot be enumerated by for...in and can be obtained through the propertyIsEnumerable method.

console.log(obj.propertyIsEnumerable("constructor"));//false

Determine whether "constructor" can be enumerated. Outputting false indicates that it cannot be enumerated.

toLocaleString() method

The toLocalString method returns the string representation of the object, which is related to the execution environment of the code.

var obj = {};
console.log(obj.toLocaleString());//[object Object]  

var date = new Date();
console.log(date.toLocaleString());//2016/2/28 下午1:39:27

toString() method

toString is used to return the string representation of the object.

var obj = {};
console.log(obj.toString());//[object Object]

var date = new Date();
console.log(date.toString());//Sun Feb 28 2016 13:40:36 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)

valueOf() method

The valueOf method returns the original value of the object, which may be a string, a numerical value or a bool value, etc., depending on the specific object.

var obj = {
    name: "obj"
};
console.log(obj.valueOf());//Object {name: "obj"}

var arr = [1];
console.log(arr.valueOf());//[1]

var date = new Date();
console.log(date.valueOf());//1456638436303

As shown in the code, three different object instances call valueOf to return different data.

Types of properties

In Javascript, there are two types of properties, namely data properties and accessor properties. Let’s take a look at what these two properties are.

Data attributes

Data attributes can be understood as the attributes we assign when we usually define objects. They can be read and written. However, ES5 defines some attributes, which are used to describe various characteristics of attributes. Attributes are internal values ​​and cannot be accessed directly. Attributes are represented by two square brackets, such as [[Enumerable]]. The characteristics of the attribute will have some default values. To modify the default value of the attribute, you must use the new method Object.defineProperty method defined by ES5 to modify it.

Data attributes have 4 characteristics that describe their characteristics. Each characteristic will be explained in turn below:

(1) [[Configurable]]: This characteristic indicates whether it can be deleted through the delete operator. Delete the attribute. The default value is true.

var obj = {};
obj.name = "myname";

delete obj.name;
console.log(obj.name);//undefined

This code is obvious. After deleting the name attribute of obj through delete, we cannot access the name attribute again.

我们通过Object.defineProperty方法来修改[[Configurable]]特性。

var obj = {};
obj.name = "myname";
Object.defineProperty(obj, "name", {
    configurable: false
})                

delete obj.name;
console.log(obj.name);//myname

通过将configurable特性设置成false之后，delete就无法删除name属性了，如果在严格模式下，使用delete去删除就会报错。

（2）[[Enumerable]]：表示是否能够通过for…in语句来枚举出属性，默认是true

我们来看看前面的例子：

var obj = {
    name: "objName"
}  
for (var i in obj) {
    console.log(i);//name
}

这段代码只输出了name属性，我们来将constructor属性的[[Enumerable]]设置为true试试。

var obj = {
        name: "objName"
}
Object.defineProperty(obj, "constructor", {
    enumerable: true
})

for (var i in obj) {
    console.log(i);//name,constructor
}
console.log(obj.propertyIsEnumerable("constructor"));//true

这段代码中，for…in循环得到了name和constructor两个属性，而通过propertyIsEnumerable方法来判断constructor也返回了true。

（3）[[Writable]]：表示属性值是否可以修改，默认为true
如果[[Writable]]被设置成false，尝试修改时将没有效果，在严格模式下会报错

（4）[[Value]]：表示属性的值，默认为undefined

我们通过一个简单的例子来看看这两个特性：

var obj = {
    name: "name"
};
console.log(obj.name);//name        

Object.defineProperty(obj, "name", {
    value: "newValue",
    writable: false
})
console.log(obj.name);//newValue

obj.name = "oldValue";
console.log(obj.name);//newValue

我们首先定义了obj对象的name属性值为“name”，然后通过defineProperty方法来修改值，并且将其设置为不可修改的。接着我们再修改name属性的值，可以发现修改无效。

如果我们通过defineProperty来修改name属性的值，是否可以修改呢？答案是可以的：

Object.defineProperty(obj, "name", {
    value: "oldValue"
})
console.log(obj.name); //oldValue

访问器属性

访问器属性有点类似于C#中的属性，和数据属性的区别在于，它没有数据属性的[[Writable]]和[[Value]]两个特性，而是拥有一对getter和setter函数。

[[Get]]：读取属性时调用的函数，默认是undefined
[[Set]]：设置属性时调用的函数，默认是undefined

getter和setter是一个很有用的东西，假设有两个属性，其中第二个属性值会随着第一个属性值的变化而变化。这种场景在我们平时的编码中起始是非常常见的。在之前的做法中，我们往往要去手动修改第二个属性的值，那现在我们就可以通过get和set函数来解决这个问题。看下面这个例子：

var person = {
    age: 10
}

Object.defineProperty(person, "type", {
    get: function () {
        if (person.age > 17) {
            return "成人";
        }
        return "小孩";
    }
})

console.log(person.type);//小孩

person.age = 18;
console.log(person.type);//成人

通过修改age的值，type的值也会相应的修改，这样我们就不用再手动的去修改type的值了。

下面这种方式也是可以实现同样的效果：

var person = {
    _age: 10,
    type: "小孩"
} 

Object.defineProperty(person, "age", {
    get: function () {
        return this._age;
    },
    set: function (newValue) {
        this._age = newValue;
        this.type = newValue > 17 ? "成人" : "小孩";
    }
})
console.log(person.type);

person.age = 18;
console.log(person.type);

关于访问器属性，有几点要注意：

1、严格模式下，必须同时设置get和set
2、非严格模式下，可以只设置其中一个，如果只设置get，则属性是只读的，如果只设置set，属性则无法读取
3、Object.defineProperty是ES5中的新方法，IE9（IE8部分实现，只有dom对象才支持）以下浏览器不支持，一些旧的浏览器可以通过非标准方法defineGetter()和defineSetter()来设置，这里就不说明了，有兴趣的同学可以查找相关资料。

特性操作的相关方法

ES5提供了一些读取或操作属性特性的方法，前面用到的Object.defineProperty就是其中之一。我总结了一些比较常用的方法如下：

（1）Object.defineProperty

定义一个对象的属性，这个方法前面我们已经用到多次，简单说说其用法。

Object.defineProperty(obj,propName,descriptor);

defineProperty有点类似于定于在Object上的静态方法，通过Object直接调用，它接收3个参数：
obj：需要定义属性的对象
propNane：需要被定义的属性名称
defineProperty：属性描述符，包含一些属性的特性定义

例子如下：

var obj = {};
Object.defineProperty(obj, "name", {
    value: "name",
    configurable: true,
    writable: true,
    enumerable: true
});

（2）Object.defineProperties

和defineProperty类似，是用来定义对象属性的，不同的是它可以用来同时定义多个属性，我们通过命名也可以看出来，用法如下：

var obj = {};
Object.defineProperty(obj, {
    "name": {
        value: "name",
        configurable: true,
        writable: true,
        enumerable: true
    },
    "age": {
        value: 20 
    }
});

（3）Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor

ES5中还提供了一个读取特性值的方法，该方法接收对象及其属性名作为两个参数，返回一个对象，根据属性类型的不同，返回对象会包含不同的值。

var person = {
    _age: 10,
    type: "小孩"
}
Object.defineProperty(person, "age", {
    get: function () {
        return this._age;
    },
    set: function (newValue) {
        this._age = newValue;
        this.type = newValue > 17 ? "成人" : "小孩";
    }
})

console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(person, "type"));//Object {value: "成人", writable: true, enumerable: true, configurable: true}
console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(person, "age")); //Object {enumerable: false, configurable: false, get: function(),set: function ()}

Object的方法

在ES5中，Object对象上新增了一批方法，这些方法可以直接通过Object进行访问，前面用到的defineProperty就是新增的方法之一。除此之外还有很多方法，我将其总结归纳如下：

对象创建型方法

Object.create(proto, [propertiesObject])

在前面我们提到，创建一个对象有两种方法：构造函数和对象字面量。

这两种方法有一个缺点就是：如果要创建多个对象，写起来很繁琐，所以后来就有了一种创建自定义构造函数的方法来创建对象，如下所示：

function Person(name, age) {
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
}

var person = new Person("Jack", 15);

这种方式可以很方便的创建多个同样的对象，也是目前比较常用的方法。

ES5提供的Object.create方法也是一个创建对象的方法，这个方法允许为创建的对象选择原型对象，不需要定义一个构造函数。用法如下：

var obj = Object.create(Object.prototype, { 
    name: {
        value: "Jack"
    }
})
console.log(obj.name);//Jack

这个方法接收的第一个参数作为被创建对象的原型，第二个参数是对象的属性。注意：在这个例子中，name属性是无法被修改的，因为它没有设置writable特性，默认则为false。

个人看法：Object.create这种创建对象的方式略显繁琐，除非是需要修改属性的特性，否则不建议使用这种方式创建对象。

属性获取型方法

Object.keys

Object.keys是用来获取给定对象的所有可枚举的自身属性的属性名，它返回一个数组。

function Parent() {
    this.lastName = "Black"
}
function Child(firstName) {
    this.firstName = firstName;
}
Child.prototype = new Parent();

var son = new Child("Jack");
console.log(Object.keys(son));//["firstName"]

代码中返回了firstName，并没有返回从prototype继承而来的lastName和不可枚举的相关属性。

在一些旧的浏览器中，我们可以使用hasOwnProperty和for…in来达到类似的效果。

Object.keys = Object.keys ||
    function (obj) {
        var keys = [];
        for (var key in obj) {
            if (obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
                keys.push(key);
            }
        }
        return keys;
    }

Object.getOwnPropertyNames()

getOwnPropertyNames用来获取对象自身的所有属性，包括可枚举和不可枚举的所有属性，如下所示：

function Parent() {
    this.lastName = "Black"
}
function Child(firstName) {
    this.firstName = firstName;
}
Child.prototype = new Parent();

var son = new Child("Jack");
Object.defineProperty(son, "age", {
    enumerable: false
})
console.log(Object.keys(son));//["firstName"]  
console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(son));//["firstName", "age"]

我们定义给son对象定义了一个不可枚举的属性age，然后通过keys和getOwnPropertyNames两个方法来获取属性列表，能明显看出了两者区别。

属性特性型方法

这个主要是前面提到的三个方法：defineProperty，defineProperties和getOwnPropertyDescriptor三个方法

对象限制型方法

ES5中提供了一系列限制对象被修改的方法，用来防止被某些对象被无意间修改导致的错误。每种限制类型包含一个判断方法和一个设置方法。

阻止对象扩展

Object.preventExtensions()用来限制对象的扩展，设置之后，对象将无法添加新属性，用法如下：

Object.preventExtensions(obj);

该方法接收一个要被设置成无法扩展的对象作为参数，需要注意两点：

1、对象的属性不可用扩展，但是已存在的属性可以被删除
2、无法添加新属性指的是无法在自身上添加属性，如果是在对象的原型上，还是可以添加属性的。

function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;
}
var person = new Person("Jack");
Object.preventExtensions(person);

delete person.name;
console.log(person.name);//undefined

Person.prototype.age = 15;
console.log(person.age);//15

Object.isExtensible方法用来判断一个对象是否可扩展，默认情况是true

将对象密封

Object.seal可以密封一个对象并返回被密封的对象。

密封对象无法添加或删除已有属性，也无法修改属性的enumerable，writable，configurable，但是可以修改属性值。

function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;
}
var person = new Person("Jack");
Object.seal(person);
delete person.name;
console.log(person.name);//Jack

将对象密封后，使用delete删除对象属性，还是可以访问得到属性。

通过Object.isSealed可以用来判断一个对象是否被密封了。

冻结对象

Object.freeze方法用来冻结一个对象，被冻结的对象将无法添加，修改，删除属性值，也无法修改属性的特性值，即这个对象无法被修改。

function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;
}
var person = new Person("Jack");
Object.freeze(person);

delete person.name;
console.log(person.name);//Jack

Person.prototype.age = 15;
console.log(person.age);//15

分析上面的代码我们可以发现，被冻结的对象无法删除自身的属性，但是通过其原型对象还是可以新增属性的。

通过Object.isFrozen可以用来判断一个对象是否被冻结了。

可以发现：这三个限制对象的方法的限制程度是依次上升的。

总结

Object虽说是一个我们平时开发中最经常用到的对象，但是它的很多功能还没有被我们挖掘出来。本文首先介绍了Object的基本使用，接着介绍了一些比较少使用到的属性特性，最后分析了一些比较常用的方法，尤其是ES5中提供的新方法。欢迎大家交流！！

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