Getting Started with XML

XMLGetting started

# Basic overview

## Extensible Markup Language, a subset of Standard Universal Markup Language, is a markup language used to mark electronic files to make them structural. In electronic computers, tags refer to information symbols that computers can understand. Through such tags, computers can process various information such as articles, etc. It can be used to mark data and define data types. It is a source language that allows users to define their own markup language. It is ideally suited for World Wide Web transport, providing a unified approach to describing and exchanging structured data independent of applications or vendors. It is a cross-platform, content-dependent technology in the

Internet

environment, and it is also an effective tool for processing distributed structured information today. As early as 1998, W3C released the XML1.0 specification, Use it to simplify the transmission of document information on the Internet.

The historical origin of XML

In 1969

,

GML(Generalized Markup Language Generalized Markup Language)---->In 1985,SGML(Standard Generalized Markup LanguageStandard Generalized Markup Language)---> ;1993年,HTML(Hypertext Markup LanguageHypertext Markup Language)--->1998 Year, XML(Extensible Markup LanguageExtensible Markup Language)

What is extensible markup language?

1

, Extensible Markup Language is a markup language that is very similar to Hypertext Markup Language.

2

, It is designed to transmit data, not display data.

3

, its label is not predefined. You need to define the labels yourself.

4

, It is designed to be self-descriptive.

5

, it is the recommended standard of

W3C.

What is the difference between Extensible Markup Language and Hypertext Markup Language?

1

, it is not a replacement for Hypertext Markup Language.

2

, it is a supplement to Hypertext Markup Language.

3

, It is designed for different purposes from Hypertext Markup Language:

4

, It is designed to transmit and store data , whose focus is the content of the data.

5

, Hypertext Markup Language is designed to display data, with the focus being on the appearance of the data.

6

, Hypertext Markup Language is designed to display information, while it is designed to transmit information.

7

. The best description of it is: it is an information transmission tool independent of software and hardware.

Why do you need

XML

? 1

, solves the problem of non-standard data transmission.

2

, can describe things in a tree structure very well.

3

, can be used as a configuration file.

PS

: Nowadays, many languages ​​and technologies are using XML as data transmission standard, so a deep understanding of XML is equivalent to mastering a general data transmission protocol. Reference document:

http://www.php.cn/

Case:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<class>
	<stu id="a001">
		<name>张三</name>
		<sex>男</sex>
		<age>20</age>
	</stu> 
	<stu id="a002">
		<name>李四</name>
		<sex>女</sex>
		<age>18</age>
	</stu>
</class>

XML基本语法

一个XML文件可分为如下几部分内容：

文档声明 、元素、属性、注释  、CDATA区 ，特殊字符 、处理指令（processing instruction） 

基本语法：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- 上面是文档声明 - ->
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href=”XML2.css”?>
<!-- 上面是处理指令 - ->
<根元素>
    <!-- 注释 - ->
    <![CDATA[     CDATA区，可以是任意字符    ]]>
	<元素 属性=”属性值”>
		<元素>元素内容</元素>
		<空元素/>>
	</元素> 
</class>

文档声明

<?xml version="1.0" encoding=“编码方式"  standalone="yes|no"?>

XML声明放在XML文档的第一行

XML声明由以下几个部分组成：

version - -文档符合XML1.0规范

encoding - -文档字符编码，比如”utf-8”

standalone - -文档定义是否独立使用

standalone="yes“

standalone=“no”   默认

 

PS：虽说现在XML出了2.0版了，但是现在大多还是用1.0版。

 

元素

基本语法：

<元素>元素内容</元素>
<元素/>

注意事项：

1、每个XML文档必须有且只有一个根元素。

2、根元素是一个完全包括文档中其他所有元素的元素。

3、根元素的起始标记要放在所有其他元素的起始标记之前。

4、根元素的结束标记要放在所有其他元素的结束标记之后。

5、XML元素指XML文件中出现的标签，一个标签分为开始标签和结束标签，一个标签有如下几种书写形式，例如：

    包含标签体：123

    不含标签体的：, 简写为：

6、一个标签中也可以嵌套若干子标签。但所有标签必须合理的嵌套，绝对不允许交叉嵌套 ，例如：

        hello world 

7、对于XML标签中出现的所有空格和换行，XML解析程序都会当作标签内容进行处理。

例如：

        123和   123   意义是完全不同的。

8、一个XML元素可以包含字母、数字以及其它一些可见字符，但必须遵守下面的一些规范：

    1---区分大小写，例如，

和

是两个不同的标记。

    2---不能以数字或"_" (下划线)开头。

    3---不能包含空格。

    4---名称中间不能包含冒号（:）。

9、元素、标签、节点意义都是一样的。

属性

基本语法

<元素 属性1=”属性值” 属性2=”属性值”>元素内容</元素>

注意事项：

1、属性值用双引号（"）或单引号（'）分隔（如果属性值中有'，用"分隔；有"，用'分隔）

2、一个元素可以有多个属性，它的基本格式为：

3、属性名称在同一个元素标记中只能出现一次

4、属性值不能包括, &之类的特殊字符，否则需要使用转义字符。

注释

    这个和HTML一样，都是