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HomeJavajavaTutorialDetailed explanation of HashMap initialization and traversal methods in Java programming with examples

一、HashMap的初始化
1、HashMap 初始化的文艺写法
   HashMap 是一种常用的数据结构,一般用来做数据字典或者 Hash 查找的容器。普通青年一般会这么初始化:

HashMap<String, String> map =
  new HashMap<String, String>();
 map.put("Name", "June");
 map.put("QQ", "2572073701");

看完这段代码,很多人都会觉得这么写太啰嗦了,对此,文艺青年一般这么来了:

HashMap<String, String> map =
  new HashMap<String, String>() {
 {
 put("Name", "June");
 put("QQ", "2572073701");
 }
 };

   嗯,看起来优雅了不少,一步到位,一气呵成的赶脚。然后问题来了,有童鞋会问:纳尼?这里的双括号到底什么意思,什么用法呢?哈哈,其实很简单,看看下面的代码你就知道啥意思了。

public class Test {
 /*private static HashMap< String, String> map = new HashMap< String, String>() {
  {
   put("Name", "June");
   put("QQ", "2572073701");
  }
 };*/
 public Test() {
  System.out.println("Constructor called:构造器被调用");
 }
 static {
  System.out.println("Static block called:静态块被调用");
 }
 {
  System.out.println("Instance initializer called:实例初始化块被调用");
 }
 public static void main(String[] args) {
  new Test();
  System.out.println("=======================");
  new Test();
 }
}

 

输出:

Static block called:静态块被调用
Instance initializer called:实例初始化被调用
Constructor called:构造器被调用
=======================
Instance initializer called:实例初始化被调用
Constructor called:构造器被调用

也就是说第一层括弧实际是定义了一个匿名内部类 (Anonymous Inner Class),第二层括弧实际上是一个实例初始化块 (instance initializer block),这个块在内部匿名类构造时被执行。这个块之所以被叫做“实例初始化块”是因为它们被定义在了一个类的实例范围内。
上面代码如果是写在 Test 类中,编译后你会看到会生成 Test$1.class 文件,反编译该文件内容:

D:\eclipse_indigo\workspace_home\CDHJobs\bin\pvuv\>jad -p Test$1.class
// Decompiled by Jad v1.5.8g. Copyright 2001 Pavel Kouznetsov.
// Jad home page: http://www.kpdus.com/jad.html
// Decompiler options: packimports(3)
// Source File Name: Test.java
package pvuv.zhaopin;
import java.util.HashMap;
// Referenced classes of package pvuv.zhaopin:
// Test
 class Test$1 extends HashMap // 创建了一个 HashMap 的子类
 {
 Test$1()
 { // 第二个 {} 中的代码放到了构造方法中去了
 put("Name", "June");
 put("QQ", "2572073701");
 }
 }
D:\eclipse_indigo\workspace_home\CDHJobs\bin\pvuv\>

2、推而广之
  这种写法,推而广之,在初始化 ArrayList、Set 的时候都可以这么玩,比如你还可以这么玩:

List<String> names = new ArrayList<String>() {
{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
 add("A" + i);
}
}
};
System.out.println(names.toString()); // [A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9]

3、Java7:增加对 collections 的支持
在 Java 7 中你可以像 Ruby, Perl、Python 一样创建 collections 了。
Note:这些集合是不可变的。

PS:由于原文[5]作者并没有标出 java 7 哪个小版本号引入的这些新特性,对于留言报错的同学,请尝试大于 1.7.0_09 或者 java8 试试?

List list = new ArrayList();
 list.add("item");
 String item = list.get(0);
 Set< String> set = new HashSet< String>();
 set.add("item");
 Map< String, Integer> map = new HashMap< String, Integer>();
 map.put("key", 1);
 int value = map.get("key");
 // 现在你还可以:
 List< String> list = ["item"];
 String item = list[0];
  
 Set< String> set = {"item"};
  
 Map< String, Integer> map = {"key" : 1};
 int value = map["key"];

4、文艺写法的潜在问题
    文章开头提到的文艺写法的好处很明显就是一目了然。这里来罗列下此种方法的坏处,如果这个对象要串行化,可能会导致串行化失败。
  1.此种方式是匿名内部类的声明方式,所以引用中持有着外部类的引用。所以当串行化这个集合时外部类也会被不知不觉的串行化,当外部类没有实现serialize接口时,就会报错。

2.上例中,其实是声明了一个继承自HashMap的子类。然而有些串行化方法,例如要通过Gson串行化为json,或者要串行化为xml时,类库中提供的方式,是无法串行化Hashset或者HashMap的子类的,从而导致串行化失败。解决办法:重新初始化为一个HashMap对象:

new HashMap(map);

这样就可以正常初始化了。

5、执行效率问题
   当一种新的工具或者写法出现时,猿们都会来一句:性能怎么样?(这和男生谈论妹纸第一句一般都是:“长得咋样?三围多少?”一个道理:))
关于这个两种写法我这边笔记本上测试文艺写法、普通写法分别创建 10,000,000 个 Map 的结果是 1217、1064,相差 13%。

public class Test {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
  long st = System.currentTimeMillis();
  /*
  for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
   HashMap< String, String> map = new HashMap< String, String>() {
    {
     put("Name", "June");
     put("QQ", "2572073701");
    }
   };
  }
  System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() - st); // 1217
  */
  for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
   HashMap< String, String> map = new HashMap< String, String>();
   map.put("Name", "June");
   map.put("QQ", "2572073701");
  }
  System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis() - st); // 1064
 }
}

6、由实例初始化块联想到的一些变量初始化问题
  从代码上看,a 为什么可以不先声明类型?你觉得 a、b、c 的值分别是多少?能说明理由么?
TIPS:如果你对这块机制不了解,建议试着反编译一下字节码文件。

6.1 测试源码

public class Test {
  
 int e = 6;
 Test() {
  int c = 1;
  this.f = 5;
  int e = 66;
 }
 int f = 55;
 int c = 11;
 int b = 1;
 {
  a = 3;
  b = 22;
 }
 int a = 33;
 static {
  d = 4;
 }
 static int d = 44;
  
 int g = 7;
 int h = 8;
 public int test(){
  g = 77;
  int h = 88;
  System.out.println("h - 成员变量:" + this.h);
  System.out.println("h - 局部变量: " + h);
  return g;
 }
 public static void main(String[] args) {
  System.out.println("a: " + new Test().a);
  System.out.println("b: " + new Test().b);
  System.out.println("c: " + new Test().c);
  System.out.println("d: " + new Test().d);
  System.out.println("f: " + new Test().f);
  System.out.println("e: " + new Test().e);
  System.out.println("g: " + new Test().test());
 }
}

6.2 字节码反编译:

// Decompiled by Jad v1.5.8g. Copyright 2001 Pavel Kouznetsov.
// Jad home page: http://www.kpdus.com/jad.html
// Decompiler options: packimports(3)
// Source File Name: Test.java
import java.io.PrintStream;
public class Test
{
 Test()
 {
  this.e = 6;
  f = 55;
  this.c = 11;
  b = 1;
  a = 3;
  b = 22;
  a = 33;
  g = 7;
  h = 8;
  int c = 1;
  f = 5;
  int e = 66;
 }
 public int test()
 {
  g = 77;
  int h = 88;
  System.out.println((new StringBuilder("h - \u6210\u5458\u53D8\u91CF\uFF1A")).append(this.h).toString());
  System.out.println((new StringBuilder("h - \u5C40\u90E8\u53D8\u91CF: ")).append(h).toString());
  return g;
 }
 public static void main(String args[])
 {
  System.out.println((new StringBuilder("a: ")).append((new Test()).a).toString());
  System.out.println((new StringBuilder("b: ")).append((new Test()).b).toString());
  System.out.println((new StringBuilder("c: ")).append((new Test()).c).toString());
  new Test();
  System.out.println((new StringBuilder("d: ")).append(d).toString());
  System.out.println((new StringBuilder("f: ")).append((new Test()).f).toString());
  System.out.println((new StringBuilder("e: ")).append((new Test()).e).toString());
  System.out.println((new StringBuilder("g: ")).append((new Test()).test()).toString());
 }
 int e;
 int f;
 int c;
 int b;
 int a;
 static int d = 4;
 int g;
 int h;
 static
 {
  d = 44;
 }
}
6.3 output:
 a: 33
 b: 22
 c: 11
 d: 44
 f: 5
 e: 6
 h - 成员变量:8
 h - 局部变量: 88
 g: 77

二、HashMap遍历方法示例
第一种:

Map map = new HashMap();
  Iterator iter = map.entrySet().iterator();
  while (iter.hasNext()) {
  Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) iter.next(); Object key = entry.getKey();
  Object val = entry.getValue();
  }

效率高,以后一定要使用此种方式!
第二种:

Map map = new HashMap();
 Iterator iter = map.keySet().iterator();
 while (iter.hasNext()) {
 Object key = iter.next();
 Object val = map.get(key);
 }

效率低,以后尽量少使用!
HashMap的遍历有两种常用的方法,那就是使用keyset及entryset来进行遍历,但两者的遍历速度是有差别的,下面请看实例:

public class HashMapTest {
 public static void main(String[] args) ...{
 HashMap hashmap = new HashMap();
 for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i ) ...{
 hashmap.put("" i, "thanks");
 }
 long bs = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
 Iterator iterator = hashmap.keySet().iterator();
 while (iterator.hasNext()) ...{
 System.out.print(hashmap.get(iterator.next()));
 }
 System.out.println();
 System.out.println(Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis() - bs);
 listHashMap();
 }
 public static void listHashMap() ...{
 java.util.HashMap hashmap = new java.util.HashMap();
 for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i ) ...{
 hashmap.put("" i, "thanks");
 }
 long bs = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis();
 java.util.Iterator it = hashmap.entrySet().iterator();
 while (it.hasNext()) ...{
 java.util.Map.Entry entry = (java.util.Map.Entry) it.next();
 // entry.getKey() 返回与此项对应的键
 // entry.getValue() 返回与此项对应的值
 System.out.print(entry.getValue());
 }
 System.out.println();
 System.out.println(Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis() - bs);
 }
 }

对于keySet其实是遍历了2次,一次是转为iterator,一次就从hashmap中取出key所对于的value。而entryset只是遍历了第一次,他把key和value都放到了entry中,所以就快了。
注:Hashtable的遍历方法和以上的差不多!

更多举例详解Java编程中HashMap的初始化以及遍历的方法相关文章请关注PHP中文网!


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