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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP Tutorialnginx data structure 3 - extended red-black tree

Carrying forward my usual style of side task maniac, I completed the red-black tree extended version that I had originally envisioned in one night.

rbtree.h:

/*
 * Copyright (C) Bipedal Bit
 * Verson 1.0.0.2
 */

#ifndef _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_
#define _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_

/* the node structure of the red-black tree */
typedef struct rbtree_node_s rbtree_node_t;
/* Using type int means its range is -0x7fffffff-1~0x7fffffff. */
typedef int rbtree_key_t;
/* Abstract type is complicated to achieve with C so I use char* instead. */
typedef char* rbtree_data_t;

struct rbtree_node_s
{
	/* key of the node */
	rbtree_key_t	key;
	/* pointer of the parent of the node */
	rbtree_node_t*	parent;
	/* pointer of the left kid of the node */
	rbtree_node_t*	left;
	/* pointer of the right kid of the node */
	rbtree_node_t*	right;
	/* color of the node */
	unsigned char	color;
	/* pointer of the value of the node corresponding to the key */
	rbtree_data_t	value;
	/* count of nodes in the subtree whose root is the current node */
	int node_cnt;
};

/* the tree object stucture of the red-black tree */
typedef struct rbtree_s rbtree_t;
/* foundational insert function pointer */
typedef void (*rbtree_insert_p) (rbtree_t* root, rbtree_node_t* node);
/* foundational visit function pointer */
typedef void (*rbtree_visit_p) (rbtree_node_t* node);

struct rbtree_s
{
	/* the pointer of the root node of the tree */
	rbtree_node_t* root;
	/* black leaf nodes as sentinel */
	rbtree_node_t* sentinel;
	/* the polymorphic insert function pointer */
	rbtree_insert_p insert;
};

/* macros */
#define rbtree_init(tree, s, i)		\
rbtree_sentinel_init(s);			\
(tree)->root = s;				\
(tree)->sentinel = s;			\
(tree)->insert = i

#define rbtree_red(node)	((node)->color = 1)
#define rbtree_black(node)	((node)->color = 0)
#define rbtree_is_red(node)	((node)->color)
#define rbtree_is_black(node)	(!rbtree_is_red(node))
 /* copy n2's color to n1 */
#define rbtree_copy_color(n1, n2)	(n1->color = n2->color)
/* sentinel must be black cuz it's leaf node */
#define rbtree_sentinel_init(node)	\
rbtree_black(node);			\
(node)->node_cnt = 0

/* statements of public methods */
void rbtree_insert_value(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_delete(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
/* get node by key */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_find(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_key_t key);
/* get node by order number */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_index(rbtree_t* tree, int index);
int rbtree_height(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node);
int rbtree_count(rbtree_t* tree);
void rbtree_visit(rbtree_node_t* node);
void rbtree_traversal(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_visit_p);

#endif	/* _RBTREE_H_INCLUDED_ */
You can see that I have added several functions such as searching for nodes by serial number, finding the height of the tree, finding the number of nodes, and rewriting the traversal method of accessing nodes.

In order to improve the efficiency of finding nodes by serial number, I added a node item node_cnt, which represents the total number of nodes on the subtree where the current node is the root. In this way, the process of searching for nodes by serial number will be a binary search, and the time efficiency is the same as searching by key, which is O(log2n).

The traversal method uses recursive in-order traversal. The default node access method is an empty method, and users can rewrite it by themselves.

rbtree.c:

/*
 * Copyright (C) Bipedal Bit
 * Verson 1.0.0.2
 */

#include <stddef.h>
#include "rbtree.h"

/* inline methods */
/* get the node with the minimum key in a subtree of the red-black tree */
static inline rbtree_node_t*
rbtree_subtree_min(rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_node_t* sentinel)
{
    while(node->left != sentinel)
    {
        node = node->left;
    }

    return node;
}

/* replace the node "node" in the tree with node "tmp" */
static inline void rbtree_replace(rbtree_t* tree,
    rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_node_t* tmp)
{
    /* upward: p[node] parent = node->parent;

    if (node == tree->root)
    {
        tree->root = tmp;
    }
    else if (node == node->parent->left)
    {
        /* downward: left[p[node]] parent->left = tmp;
    }
    else
    {
        /* downward: right[p[node]] parent->right = tmp;
    }

    node->parent = tmp;
}

/* change the topologic structure of the tree keeping the order of the nodes */
static inline void rbtree_left_rotate(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    /* node as the var x in CLRS while tmp as the var y */
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = node->right;

    /* fix node_cnt */
    node->node_cnt = node->left->node_cnt + tmp->left->node_cnt + 1;
    tmp->node_cnt = node->node_cnt + tmp->right->node_cnt + 1;

    /* replace y with left[y] */
    /* downward: right[x] right = tmp->left;
    /* if left[[y] is not NIL it has a parent */
    if (tmp->left != tree->sentinel)
    {
        /* upward: p[left[y]] left->parent = node;
    }

    /* replace x with y */
    rbtree_replace(tree, node, tmp);
    tmp->left = node;
}

static inline void rbtree_right_rotate(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = node->left;

    /* fix node_cnt */
    node->node_cnt = node->right->node_cnt + tmp->right->node_cnt + 1;
    tmp->node_cnt = node->node_cnt + tmp->left->node_cnt + 1;

    /* replace y with right[y] */
    node->left = tmp->right;
    if (tmp->right != tree->sentinel)
    {
        tmp->right->parent = node;
    }

    /* replace x with y */
    rbtree_replace(tree, node, tmp);
    tmp->right = node;
}

/* static methods */
/* fix the red-black tree after the new node inserted */
static void rbtree_insert_fixup(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    while(rbtree_is_red(node->parent))
    {
        if (node->parent == node->parent->parent->left)
        {
            /* case 1: node's uncle is red */
            if (rbtree_is_red(node->parent->parent->right))
            {
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent->parent->right);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                node = node->parent->parent;
                /* Then we can consider the whole subtree */
                /* which is represented by the new "node" as the "node" before */
                /* and keep looping till "node" become the root. */
            }
            /* case 2: node's uncle is black */
            else
            {
                /* ensure node is the left kid of its parent */
                if (node == node->parent->right)
                {
                    node = node->parent;
                    rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node);
                }
                /* case 2 -> case 1 */
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                rbtree_right_rotate(tree, node->parent->parent);
            }
        }
        /* same as the "if" clause before with "left" and "right" exchanged */
        else
        {
            if (rbtree_is_red(node->parent->parent->left))
            {
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent->parent->left);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                node = node->parent->parent;
            }
            else
            {
                if (node == node->parent->left)
                {
                    node = node->parent;
                    rbtree_right_rotate(tree, node);
                }
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_red(node->parent->parent);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent->parent);
            }
        }
    }
    /* ensure the root node being black */
    rbtree_black(tree->root);
}

static void rbtree_delete_fixup(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* brother = NULL;

    while(node != tree->root && rbtree_is_black(node))
    {
        if (node == node->parent->left)
        {
            brother = node->parent->right;
            if (rbtree_is_red(brother))
            {
                rbtree_black(brother);
                rbtree_red(node->parent);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                /* update brother after topologic change of the tree */
                brother = node->parent->right;
            }

            if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left) && rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
            {
                rbtree_red(brother);
                /* go upward and keep on fixing color */
                node = node->parent;
            }
            else
            {
                if (rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
                {
                    rbtree_black(brother->left);
                    rbtree_red(brother);
                    rbtree_right_rotate(tree, brother);
                    /* update brother after topologic change of the tree */
                    brother = node->parent->right;
                }
                rbtree_copy_color(brother, node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(brother->right);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                /* end the loop and ensure root is black */
                node = tree->root;
            }
        }
        /* same as the "if" clause before with "left" and "right" exchanged */
        else
        {
            brother = node->parent->left;
            if (rbtree_is_red(brother))
            {
                rbtree_black(brother);
                rbtree_red(node->parent);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                brother = node->parent->left;
            }

            if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left) && rbtree_is_black(brother->right))
            {
                rbtree_red(brother);
                node = node->parent;
            }
            else
            {
                if (rbtree_is_black(brother->left))
                {
                    rbtree_black(brother->right);
                    rbtree_red(brother);
                    rbtree_right_rotate(tree, brother);
                    brother = node->parent->left;
                }
                rbtree_copy_color(brother, node->parent);
                rbtree_black(node->parent);
                rbtree_black(brother->left);
                rbtree_left_rotate(tree, node->parent);
                node = tree->root;
            }
        }
    }

    rbtree_black(node);
}

/* public methods */
void rbtree_insert_value(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    /* Using ** to know wether the new node will be a left kid */
    /* or a right kid of its parent node. */
    rbtree_node_t** tmp = &tree->root;
    rbtree_node_t* parent;

    while(*tmp != tree->sentinel)
    {
        parent = *tmp;

        /* update node_cnt */
        (parent->node_cnt)++;

        tmp = (node->key key) ? &parent->left : &parent->right;
    }

    /* The pointer knows wether the node should be on the left side */
    /* or on the right one. */
    *tmp = node;
    node->parent = parent;
    node->left = tree->sentinel;
    node->right = tree->sentinel;
    rbtree_red(node);
}

void rbtree_visit(rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    /* visiting the current node */
}

void rbtree_insert(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* sentinel = tree->sentinel;

    /* if the tree is empty */
    if (tree->root == sentinel)
    {
        tree->root = node;
        node->parent = sentinel;
        node->left = sentinel;
        node->right = sentinel;
        rbtree_black(node);

        return;
    }

    /* generally */
    tree->insert(tree, node);
    rbtree_insert_fixup(tree, node);
}

void rbtree_delete(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    rbtree_node_t* sentinel = tree->sentinel;
    /* wether "node" is on the left side or the right one */
    rbtree_node_t** ptr_to_node = NULL;
    /* "cover" is the node which is going to cover "node" */
    rbtree_node_t* cover = NULL;
    /* wether we lossing a red node on the edge of the tree */
    int loss_red = rbtree_is_red(node);
    int is_root = (node == tree->root);

    /* get "cover" & "loss_red"  */
    /* sentinel in "node"'s kids */
    if (node->left == sentinel)
    {
        cover = node->right;
    }
    else if (node->right == sentinel)
    {
        cover = node->left;
    }
    /* "node"'s kids are both non-sentinel */
    else
    {
        /* update "node" & "loss_red" & "is_root" & "cover" */
        cover = rbtree_subtree_min(node->right, sentinel);
        node->key = cover->key;
        node->value = cover->value;
        node = cover;
        loss_red = rbtree_is_red(node);
        is_root = 0;
        /* move "cover"'s kids */
        /* "cover" can only be a left kid */
        /* and can only have a right non-sentinel kid */
        /* because of function "rbtree_subtree_min" */
        cover = node->right;
    }

    if (is_root)
    {
        /* update root */
        tree->root = cover;
    }
    else
    {
        /* downward link */
        if (node == node->parent->left)
        {
            node->parent->left = cover;
        }
        else
        {
            node->parent->right = cover;
        }
    }
    /* upward link */
    cover->parent = node->parent;
    /* "cover" may be a sentinel */
    if (cover != sentinel)
    {
        /* set "cover" */
        cover->left = node->left;
        cover->right = node->right;
        rbtree_copy_color(cover, node);
    }

    /* clear "node" since it's useless */
    node->key = -1;
    node->parent = NULL;
    node->left = NULL;
    node->right = NULL;
    node->value = NULL;

    /* update node_cnt */
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = cover->parent;
    while(tmp != sentinel)
    {
        (tmp->node_cnt)--;
        tmp = tmp->parent;
    }

    if (loss_red)
    {
        return;
    }

    /* When lossing a black node on edge */
    /* the fifth rule of red-black tree will be broke. */
    /* So the tree need to be fixed. */
    rbtree_delete_fixup(tree, cover);
}

/* find the node in the tree corresponding to the given key value */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_find(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_key_t key)
{
    rbtree_node_t* tmp = tree->root;
    /* next line is just fot test */
    // int step_cnt = 0;

    /* search the binary tree */
    while(tmp != tree->sentinel)
    {
        /* next line is just fot test */
        // step_cnt++;
        if(key == tmp->key)
        {
            /* next line is just for test */
            // printf("step count: %d, color: %s, ", step_cnt, rbtree_is_red(tmp) ? "red" : "black");
            return tmp;
        }

        tmp = (key key) ? tmp->left : tmp->right;
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* find the node in the tree corresponding to the given order number */
rbtree_node_t* rbtree_index(rbtree_t* tree, int index)
{
    if (index = rbtree_count(tree))
    {
        return NULL;
    }

    rbtree_node_t* tmp = tree->root;
    int left_cnt = 0;
    int sub_left_cnt;

    while(tmp->node_cnt > 0)
    {
        sub_left_cnt = tmp->left->node_cnt;
        if (left_cnt + sub_left_cnt == index)
        {
            return tmp;
        }

        if (left_cnt + sub_left_cnt right;
        }
        else
        {
            tmp = tmp->left;
        }
    }
}

/* get the height of the subtree */
int rbtree_height(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node)
{
    if (node == tree->sentinel)
    {
        return 0;
    }

    int left_height = rbtree_height(tree, node->left);
    int right_height = rbtree_height(tree, node->right);
    int sub_height = (left_height > right_height) ? left_height : right_height;
    return sub_height+1;
}

/* get the count of nodes in the tree */
int rbtree_count(rbtree_t* tree)
{
    return tree->root->node_cnt;
}

/* visit every node of the subtree whose root is given in order */
void rbtree_traversal(rbtree_t* tree, rbtree_node_t* node, rbtree_visit_p visit)
{
    if (node != tree->sentinel)
    {
        rbtree_traversal(tree, node->left, visit);
        visit(node);
        rbtree_traversal(tree, node->right, visit);
    }
}

</stddef.h>
Let’s do a stress test.

test.c:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "rbtree.h"

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
	double duration;
	double room;

	rbtree_t t = {};
	rbtree_node_t s = {};
	rbtree_init(&t, &s, rbtree_insert_value);

	const int cnt = 1key = %d\n", no, rbtree_index(&t, no)->key);

	long time2 = clock();
	room = 48.0*cnt/(1 Stress test results of the previous version:
<pre name="code">Inserting 1048576 nodes costs 48.00MB and spends 0.425416 seconds.
Searching 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001140 seconds.
Hash 1024 times spends 0.000334 seconds.
Deleting 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.000783 seconds.
Extended version stress test results:
Inserting 1048576 nodes costs 48.00MB and spends 0.467859 seconds.
Searching 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001188 seconds.
Indexing 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001484 seconds.
Hash 1024 times spends 0.000355 seconds.
Deleting 1024 nodes among 1048576 spends 0.001417 seconds.
The height of the tree is 28. Getting it spends 0.021669 seconds.
Traversal the tree spends 0.023913 seconds.
Count of nodes in the tree is 1047552.
Comparison can be found:

1. Inserting nodes is a little slower because one more node_cnt item is maintained during insertion.

2. There is no change in the speed of finding nodes by key.

3. There is no change in hash lookup speed.

4. It takes almost twice as long to delete a node, because node_cnt must be updated all the way up after each deletion, which is almost equivalent to a query by key.

5. Querying by serial number is slightly slower than querying by key, because each time you enter the right subtree, you need to do one more addition.

6. The time it takes to traverse is the same as finding the tree height, because they are essentially traversing the tree, and the time efficiency is of the order of O(n). The specific point is 2n node accesses, respectively when the node is pushed into the stack and popped out of the stack. .

Don’t ask me where max, min, and mid are. Can I check these by serial number? Is this still a problem?

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PHP and Python are both high-level programming languages ​​that are widely used in web development, data processing and automation tasks. 1.PHP is often used to build dynamic websites and content management systems, while Python is often used to build web frameworks and data science. 2.PHP uses echo to output content, Python uses print. 3. Both support object-oriented programming, but the syntax and keywords are different. 4. PHP supports weak type conversion, while Python is more stringent. 5. PHP performance optimization includes using OPcache and asynchronous programming, while Python uses cProfile and asynchronous programming.

PHP and Python: Different Paradigms ExplainedPHP and Python: Different Paradigms ExplainedApr 18, 2025 am 12:26 AM

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP and Python: A Deep Dive into Their HistoryPHP and Python: A Deep Dive into Their HistoryApr 18, 2025 am 12:25 AM

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

Choosing Between PHP and Python: A GuideChoosing Between PHP and Python: A GuideApr 18, 2025 am 12:24 AM

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

PHP and Frameworks: Modernizing the LanguagePHP and Frameworks: Modernizing the LanguageApr 18, 2025 am 12:14 AM

PHP remains important in the modernization process because it supports a large number of websites and applications and adapts to development needs through frameworks. 1.PHP7 improves performance and introduces new features. 2. Modern frameworks such as Laravel, Symfony and CodeIgniter simplify development and improve code quality. 3. Performance optimization and best practices further improve application efficiency.

PHP's Impact: Web Development and BeyondPHP's Impact: Web Development and BeyondApr 18, 2025 am 12:10 AM

PHPhassignificantlyimpactedwebdevelopmentandextendsbeyondit.1)ItpowersmajorplatformslikeWordPressandexcelsindatabaseinteractions.2)PHP'sadaptabilityallowsittoscaleforlargeapplicationsusingframeworkslikeLaravel.3)Beyondweb,PHPisusedincommand-linescrip

How does PHP type hinting work, including scalar types, return types, union types, and nullable types?How does PHP type hinting work, including scalar types, return types, union types, and nullable types?Apr 17, 2025 am 12:25 AM

PHP type prompts to improve code quality and readability. 1) Scalar type tips: Since PHP7.0, basic data types are allowed to be specified in function parameters, such as int, float, etc. 2) Return type prompt: Ensure the consistency of the function return value type. 3) Union type prompt: Since PHP8.0, multiple types are allowed to be specified in function parameters or return values. 4) Nullable type prompt: Allows to include null values ​​and handle functions that may return null values.

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