


Complete Practical Methods for Creating Graphics in PHP 50 Page 1/3
本文将展示如何使用 PHP 构建面向对象的图形层。使用面向对象的系统可以用来构建复杂的图形,这比使用标准 PHP 库中所提供的基本功能来构建图形简单很多。
我将图形编辑程序分为两类:一类是绘图程序,利用这种程序可以一个像素一个像素地绘制图像;另外一类是制图程序,这种程序提供了一组对象,例如线、椭圆和矩形,您可以使用这些对象来组合成一幅大图像,例如 JPEG。绘图程序非常适合进行像素级的控制。但是对于业务图形来说,制图程序是比较好的方式,因为大部分图形都是由矩形、线和椭圆组成的。
PHP 内置的制图基本操作与绘图程序非常类似。它们对于绘制图像来说功能非常强大;但是如果您希望自己的图像是一组对象集合时,这就不太适合了。本文将向您展示如何在 PHP 图形库的基础上构建一个面向对象的图形库。您将使用 PHP V5 中提供的面向对象的扩展。
具有面向对象的图形支持之后,您的图形代码就非常容易理解和维护了。您可能还需要从一种单一的图形源将图形合成为多种类型的媒介:Flash 电影、SVG 等等。
目标
创建一个图形对象库包括 3 个主要的目标:
从基本操作切换到对象上
它不使用 imageline、imagefilledrectangle 以及其他图形函数,这个库应该提供一些对象,例如 Line、Rectangle 和 Oval,它们可以用来制作图像。它应该还可以支持构建更大的复杂对象或对对象进行分组的功能。
可以进行 z 值排序
制图程序让画家可以在画面表面上上下移动图形对象。这个库应该可以支持将一个对象放到其他对象前后的功能:它使用了一个 z 值,用来定义对象从制图平面开始的高度。z 值越大的对象被画得越晚,也就出现在那些 z 值较小的对象之上。
提供 viewport 的转换
通常,数据的坐标空间与图像的坐标空间是不同的。PHP 中的图形基本操作是对图像的坐标平面进行操作的。这个图形库应该支持 viewport 的规范,这样您就可以在一个程序员熟悉的坐标系统中指定图形了,并且可以自动进行伸缩来适应任何图像的大小。
由于这里有很多特性,您将一步步地编写代码来展示这些代码如何不断增加功能。
基础知识
让我们首先来看一个图形环境对象和一个名为 GraphicsObject 的接口,它是使用一个 Line 类实现的,功能就是用来画线。UML 如图 1 所示。
图 1. 图形环境和图形对象接口
GraphicsEnvironment 类中保存了图形对象和一组颜色,还包括宽度和高度。saveAsPng 方法负责将当前的图像输出到指定的文件中。
GraphicsObject 是任何图形对象都必须使用的接口。要开始使用这个接口,您所需要做的就是使用 render 方法来画这个对象。它是由一个 Line 类实现的,它利用 4 个坐标:开始和结束的 x 值,开始和结束的 y 值。它还有一个颜色。当调用 render 时,这个对象从 sx,sy 到 ex,ey 画一条由名字指定的颜色的线。
这个库的代码如清单 1 所示。
清单 1. 基本的图形库
<?php class GraphicsEnvironment { public $width; public $height; public $gdo; public $colors = array(); public function __construct( $width, $height ) { $this->width = $width; $this->height = $height; $this->gdo = imagecreatetruecolor( $width, $height ); $this->addColor( "white", 255, 255, 255 ); imagefilledrectangle( $this->gdo, 0, 0, $width, $height, $this->getColor( "white" ) ); } public function width() { return $this->width; } public function height() { return $this->height; } public function addColor( $name, $r, $g, $b ) { $this->colors[ $name ] = imagecolorallocate( $this->gdo, $r, $g, $b ); } public function getGraphicObject() { return $this->gdo; } public function getColor( $name ) { return $this->colors[ $name ]; } public function saveAsPng( $filename ) { imagepng( $this->gdo, $filename ); } } abstract class GraphicsObject { abstract public function render( $ge ); } class Line extends GraphicsObject { private $color; private $sx; private $sy; private $ex; private $ey; public function __construct( $color, $sx, $sy, $ex, $ey ) { $this->color = $color; $this->sx = $sx; $this->sy = $sy; $this->ex = $ex; $this->ey = $ey; } public function render( $ge ) { imageline( $ge->getGraphicObject(), $this->sx, $this->sy, $this->ex, $this->ey, $ge->getColor( $this->color ) ); } } ?> |
测试代码如清单 2 所示:
清单 2. 基本图形库的测试代码
<?php require_once( "glib.php" ); $ge = new GraphicsEnvironment( 400, 400 ); $ge->addColor( "black", 0, 0, 0 ); $ge->addColor( "red", 255, 0, 0 ); $ge->addColor( "green", 0, 255, 0 ); $ge->addColor( "blue", 0, 0, 255 ); $gobjs = array(); $gobjs []= new Line( "black", 10, 5, 100, 200 ); $gobjs []= new Line( "blue", 200, 150, 390, 380 ); $gobjs []= new Line( "red", 60, 40, 10, 300 ); $gobjs []= new Line( "green", 5, 390, 390, 10 ); foreach( $gobjs as $gobj ) { $gobj->render( $ge ); } $ge->saveAsPng( "test.png" ); ?> |
这个测试程序创建了一个图形环境。然后创建几条线,它们指向不同的方向,具有不同的颜色。然后,render 方法可以将它们画到图形平面上。最后,这段代码将这个图像保存为 test.png。
在本文中,都是使用下面的命令行解释程序来运行这段代码,如下所示:
% php test.php % |
图 2 显示了所生成的 test.png 文件在 Firefox 中的样子。
图2. 简单的图形对象测试
这当然不如蒙娜丽莎漂亮,但是可以满足目前的工作需要。
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添加维数
我们的第一个需求 —— 提供图形对象的能力 —— 已经满足了,现在应该开始满足第二个需求了:可以使用一个 z 值将一个对象放到其他对象的上面或下面。
我们可以将每个 z 值当作是原始图像的一个面。所画的元素是按照 z 值从最小到最大的顺序来画的。例如,让我们画两个图形元素:一个红色的圆和一个黑色的方框。圆的 z 值是 100,而黑方框的 z 值是 200。这样会将圆放到方框之后,如图 3 所示:
图3. 不同 z 值的面
我们只需要修改一下 z 值就可以将这个红圆放到黑方框之上。要实现这种功能,我们需要让每个 GraphicsObject 都具有一个 z() 方法,它返回一个数字,就是 z 值。由于您需要创建不同的图形对象(Line、Oval 和 Rectangle),您还需要创建一个基本的类 BoxObject,其他 3 个类都使用它来维护起点和终点的坐标、z 值和这个对象的颜色(请参看图 4)。
图 4. 给系统添加另外一维:z 值
这个图形库的新代码如清单 3 所示:
清单 3. 可以处理 z 信息的图形库
<?php class GraphicsEnvironment { public $width; public $height; public $gdo; public $colors = array(); public function __construct( $width, $height ) { $this->width = $width; $this->height = $height; $this->gdo = imagecreatetruecolor( $width, $height ); $this->addColor( "white", 255, 255, 255 ); imagefilledrectangle( $this->gdo, 0, 0, $width, $height, $this->getColor( "white" ) ); } public function width() { return $this->width; } public function height() { return $this->height; } public function addColor( $name, $r, $g, $b ) { $this->colors[ $name ] = imagecolorallocate( $this->gdo, $r, $g, $b ); } public function getGraphicObject() { return $this->gdo; } public function getColor( $name ) { return $this->colors[ $name ]; } public function saveAsPng( $filename ) { imagepng( $this->gdo, $filename ); } } abstract class GraphicsObject { abstract public function render( $ge ); abstract public function z(); } abstract class BoxObject extends GraphicsObject { protected $color; protected $sx; protected $sy; protected $ex; protected $ey; protected $z; public function __construct( $z, $color, $sx, $sy, $ex, $ey ) { $this->z = $z; $this->color = $color; $this->sx = $sx; $this->sy = $sy; $this->ex = $ex; $this->ey = $ey; } public function z() { return $this->z; } } class Line extends BoxObject { public function render( $ge ) { imageline( $ge->getGraphicObject(), $this->sx, $this->sy, $this->ex, $this->ey, $ge->getColor( $this->color ) ); } } class Rectangle extends BoxObject { public function render( $ge ) { imagefilledrectangle( $ge->getGraphicObject(), $this->sx, $this->sy, $this->ex, $this->ey, $ge->getColor( $this->color ) ); } } class Oval extends BoxObject { public function render( $ge ) { $w = $this->ex - $this->sx; $h = $this->ey - $this->sy; imagefilledellipse( $ge->getGraphicObject(), $this->sx + ( $w / 2 ), $this->sy + ( $h / 2 ), $w, $h, $ge->getColor( $this->color ) ); } } ?> |
测试代码也需要进行更新,如清单 4 所示。
清单 4. 更新后的测试代码
<?php require_once( "glib.php" ); function zsort( $a, $b ) { if ( $a->z() z() ) return -1; if ( $a->z() > $b->z() ) return 1; return 0; } $ge = new GraphicsEnvironment( 400, 400 ); $ge->addColor( "black", 0, 0, 0 ); $ge->addColor( "red", 255, 0, 0 ); $ge->addColor( "green", 0, 255, 0 ); $ge->addColor( "blue", 0, 0, 255 ); $gobjs = array(); $gobjs []= new Oval( 100, "red", 50, 50, 150, 150 ); $gobjs []= new Rectangle( 200, "black", 100, 100, 300, 300 ); usort( $gobjs, "zsort" ); foreach( $gobjs as $gobj ) { $gobj->render( $ge ); } $ge->saveAsPng( "test.png" ); ?> |
此处需要注意两件事情。首先是我们添加了创建 Oval 和 Rectangle 对象的过程,其中第一个参数是 z 值。其次是调用了 usort,它使用了 zsort 函数来对图形对象根据 z 值进行排序。
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以上就介绍了 PHP 50创建图形的实用方法完整篇第1/3页,包括了方面的内容,希望对PHP教程有兴趣的朋友有所帮助。

What’s still popular is the ease of use, flexibility and a strong ecosystem. 1) Ease of use and simple syntax make it the first choice for beginners. 2) Closely integrated with web development, excellent interaction with HTTP requests and database. 3) The huge ecosystem provides a wealth of tools and libraries. 4) Active community and open source nature adapts them to new needs and technology trends.

PHP and Python are both high-level programming languages that are widely used in web development, data processing and automation tasks. 1.PHP is often used to build dynamic websites and content management systems, while Python is often used to build web frameworks and data science. 2.PHP uses echo to output content, Python uses print. 3. Both support object-oriented programming, but the syntax and keywords are different. 4. PHP supports weak type conversion, while Python is more stringent. 5. PHP performance optimization includes using OPcache and asynchronous programming, while Python uses cProfile and asynchronous programming.

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

PHP remains important in the modernization process because it supports a large number of websites and applications and adapts to development needs through frameworks. 1.PHP7 improves performance and introduces new features. 2. Modern frameworks such as Laravel, Symfony and CodeIgniter simplify development and improve code quality. 3. Performance optimization and best practices further improve application efficiency.

PHPhassignificantlyimpactedwebdevelopmentandextendsbeyondit.1)ItpowersmajorplatformslikeWordPressandexcelsindatabaseinteractions.2)PHP'sadaptabilityallowsittoscaleforlargeapplicationsusingframeworkslikeLaravel.3)Beyondweb,PHPisusedincommand-linescrip

PHP type prompts to improve code quality and readability. 1) Scalar type tips: Since PHP7.0, basic data types are allowed to be specified in function parameters, such as int, float, etc. 2) Return type prompt: Ensure the consistency of the function return value type. 3) Union type prompt: Since PHP8.0, multiple types are allowed to be specified in function parameters or return values. 4) Nullable type prompt: Allows to include null values and handle functions that may return null values.


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