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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP中怎样防止SQL注入分析_php技巧

本文实例分析了PHP中怎样防止SQL注入。分享给大家供大家参考。具体分析如下:

一、问题描述:

  如果用户输入的数据在未经处理的情况下插入到一条SQL查询语句,那么应用将很可能遭受到SQL注入攻击,正如下面的例子:

复制代码 代码如下:
$unsafe_variable = $_POST['user_input'];
 
mysql_query("INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES ('" . $unsafe_variable . "')");

因为用户的输入可能是这样的:

复制代码 代码如下:
value'); DROP TABLE table;--

那么SQL查询将变成如下:

复制代码 代码如下:
INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES('value'); DROP TABLE table;--')

对此应该采取哪些有效的方法来防止SQL注入?

二、解决方法分析:

使用预处理语句和参数化查询。预处理语句和参数分别发送到数据库服务器进行解析,参数将会被当作普通字符处理。这种方式使得攻击者无法注入恶意的SQL。 你有两种选择来实现该方法:

1、使用PDO:

复制代码 代码如下:
$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = :name');
 
$stmt->execute(array('name' => $name));
 
foreach ($stmt as $row) {
    // do something with $row
}

2、使用mysqli:

复制代码 代码如下:
$stmt = $dbConnection->prepare('SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = ?');
$stmt->bind_param('s', $name);
 
$stmt->execute();
 
$result = $stmt->get_result();
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
    // do something with $row
}

三、PDO

  注意,在默认情况使用PDO并没有让MySQL数据库执行真正的预处理语句(原因见下文)。为了解决这个问题,你应该禁止PDO模拟预处理语句。一个正确使用PDO创建数据库连接的例子如下:

复制代码 代码如下:
$dbConnection = new PDO('mysql:dbname=dbtest;host=127.0.0.1;charset=utf8', 'user', 'pass');
 
$dbConnection->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);
$dbConnection->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);

  在上面的例子中,报错模式(ATTR_ERRMODE)并不是必须的,但建议加上它。这样,当发生致命错误(Fatal Error)时,脚本就不会停止运行,而是给了程序员一个捕获PDOExceptions的机会,以便对错误进行妥善处理。 然而,第一个setAttribute()调用是必须的,它禁止PDO模拟预处理语句,而使用真正的预处理语句,即有MySQL执行预处理语句。这能确保语句和参数在发送给MySQL之前没有被PHP处理过,这将使得攻击者无法注入恶意SQL。了解原因,可参考前面这篇文章:PDO防注入原理分析以及使用PDO的注意事项。 注意在老版本的PHP(silently ignored the charset parameter 。

四、解析

  当你将SQL语句发送给数据库服务器进行预处理和解析时发生了什么?通过指定占位符(一个?或者一个上面例子中命名的 :name),告诉数据库引擎你想在哪里进行过滤。当你调用execute的时候,预处理语句将会与你指定的参数值结合。 关键点就在这里:参数的值是和经过解析的SQL语句结合到一起,而不是SQL字符串。SQL注入是通过触发脚本在构造SQL语句时包含恶意的字符串。所以,通过将SQL语句和参数分开,你防止了SQL注入的风险。任何你发送的参数的值都将被当作普通字符串,而不会被数据库服务器解析。回到上面的例子,如果$name变量的值为 'Sarah'; DELETE FROM employees ,那么实际的查询将是在 employees 中查找 name 字段值为 'Sarah'; DELETE FROM employees 的记录。 另一个使用预处理语句的好处是:如果你在同一次数据库连接会话中执行同样的语句许多次,它将只被解析一次,这可以提升一点执行速度。 如果你想问插入该如何做,请看下面这个例子(使用PDO):

复制代码 代码如下:
$preparedStatement = $db->prepare('INSERT INTO table (column) VALUES (:column)');
 
$preparedStatement->execute(array('column' => $unsafeValue));

希望本文所述对大家的PHP程序设计有所帮助。

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