Four rules to ensure PHP application security (1)_PHP Tutorial
规则 1:绝不要信任外部数据或输入
关于 Web 应用程序安全性,必须认识到的第一件事是不应该信任外部数据。外部数据(outside data) 包括不是由程序员在 PHP 代码中直接输入的任何数据。在采取措施确保安全之前,来自任何其他来源(比如 GET 变量、表单 POST、数据库、配置文件、会话变量或 cookie)的任何数据都是不可信任的。
例如,下面的数据元素可以被认为是安全的,因为它们是在 PHP 中设置的。
清单 1. 安全无暇的代码
<?php$myUsername = 'tmyer';$arrayUsers = array('tmyer', 'tom', 'tommy');define("GREETING", 'hello there' . $myUsername);?> |
但是,下面的数据元素都是有瑕疵的。
清单 2. 不安全、有瑕疵的代码
<?php$myUsername = $_POST['username']; $arrayUsers = array($myUsername, 'tom', 'tommy'); define("GREETING", 'hello there' . $myUsername); ?> |
为什么第一个变量 $myUsername 是有瑕疵的?因为它直接来自表单 POST。用户可以在这个输入域中输入任何字符串,包括用来清除文件或运行以前上传的文件的恶意命令。您可能会问,“难道不能使用只接受字母 A-Z 的客户端(Javascrīpt)表单检验脚本来避免这种危险吗?”是的,这总是一个有好处的步骤,但是正如在后面会看到的,
任何人都可以将任何表单下载 到自己的机器上,修改它,然后重新提交他们需要的任何内容。
解决方案很简单:必须对 $_POST['username'] 运行清理代码。如果不这么做,那么在使用 $myUsername 的任何其他时候(比如在数组或常量中),就可能污染这些对象。
对用户输入进行清理的一个简单方法是,使用正则表达式来处理它。在这个示例中,只希望接受字母。将字符串限制为特定数量的字符,或者要求所有字母都是小写的,这可能也是个好主意。
清单 3. 使用户输入变得安全
<?PHP$myUsername = cleanInput($_POST['username']); //clean!$arrayUsers = array($myUsername, 'tom', 'tommy'); //clean!define("GREETING", 'hello there' . $myUsername); //clean!function cleanInput($input){ $clean = strtolower($input); $clean = preg_replace("/[^a-z]/", "", $clean); $clean = substr($clean,0,12); return $clean;}?> |
规则 2:禁用那些使安全性难以实施的 PHP 设置
已经知道了不能信任用户输入,还应该知道不应该信任机器上配置 PHP 的方式。例如,要确保禁用 register_globals。如果启用了 register_globals,就可能做一些粗心的事情,比如使用 $variable 替换同名的 GET 或 POST 字符串。通过禁用这个设置,PHP 强迫您在正确的名称空间中引用正确的变量。要使用来自表单 POST 的变量,应该引用 $_POST['variable']。这样就不会将这个特定变量误会成 cookie、会话或 GET 变量。
规则 3:如果不能理解它,就不能保护它
一些开发人员使用奇怪的语法,或者将语句组织得很紧凑,形成简短但是含义模糊的代码。这种方式可能效率高,但是如果您不理解代码正在做什么,那么就无法决定如何保护它。
例如,您喜欢下面两段代码中的哪一段?
清单 4. 使代码容易得到保护
<?PHP //obfuscated code$input = (isset($_POST['username']) ? $_POST['username']:'');//unobfuscated code$input = '';if (isset($_POST['username'])){ $input = $_POST['username'];}else{ $input = '';}?> |
在第二个比较清晰的代码段中,很容易看出 $input 是有瑕疵的,需要进行清理,然后才能安全地处理。
规则 4:“纵深防御” 是新的法宝
本教程将用示例来说明如何保护在线表单,同时在处理表单的 PHP 代码中采用必要的措施。同样,即使使用 PHP regex 来确保 GET 变量完全是数字的,仍然可以采取措施确保 SQL 查询使用转义的用户输入。
纵深防御不只是一种好思想,它可以确保您不会陷入严重的麻烦。
既然已经讨论了基本规则,现在就来研究第一种
威胁:SQL 注入攻击。
防止 SQL 注入攻击
在 SQL 注入攻击 中,用户通过操纵表单或 GET 查询字符串,将信息添加到数据库查询中。例如,假设有一个简单的登录数据库。这个数据库中的每个记录都有一个用户名字段和一个密码字段。构建一个登录表单,让用户能够登录。
清单 5. 简单的登录表单
<html><head><title>Login</title></head><body><form action="verify.PHP" method="post"><p><label for='user'>Username</label><input type='text' name='user' id='user'/></p><p><label for='pw'>Password</label><input type='password' name='pw' id='pw'/></p><p><input type='submit' value='login'/></p></form></body></html> |
This form accepts user input for a username and password and submits the user input to a file called verify.php. In this file, PHP processes the data from the login form as follows:
1

What’s still popular is the ease of use, flexibility and a strong ecosystem. 1) Ease of use and simple syntax make it the first choice for beginners. 2) Closely integrated with web development, excellent interaction with HTTP requests and database. 3) The huge ecosystem provides a wealth of tools and libraries. 4) Active community and open source nature adapts them to new needs and technology trends.

PHP and Python are both high-level programming languages that are widely used in web development, data processing and automation tasks. 1.PHP is often used to build dynamic websites and content management systems, while Python is often used to build web frameworks and data science. 2.PHP uses echo to output content, Python uses print. 3. Both support object-oriented programming, but the syntax and keywords are different. 4. PHP supports weak type conversion, while Python is more stringent. 5. PHP performance optimization includes using OPcache and asynchronous programming, while Python uses cProfile and asynchronous programming.

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

PHP remains important in the modernization process because it supports a large number of websites and applications and adapts to development needs through frameworks. 1.PHP7 improves performance and introduces new features. 2. Modern frameworks such as Laravel, Symfony and CodeIgniter simplify development and improve code quality. 3. Performance optimization and best practices further improve application efficiency.

PHPhassignificantlyimpactedwebdevelopmentandextendsbeyondit.1)ItpowersmajorplatformslikeWordPressandexcelsindatabaseinteractions.2)PHP'sadaptabilityallowsittoscaleforlargeapplicationsusingframeworkslikeLaravel.3)Beyondweb,PHPisusedincommand-linescrip

PHP type prompts to improve code quality and readability. 1) Scalar type tips: Since PHP7.0, basic data types are allowed to be specified in function parameters, such as int, float, etc. 2) Return type prompt: Ensure the consistency of the function return value type. 3) Union type prompt: Since PHP8.0, multiple types are allowed to be specified in function parameters or return values. 4) Nullable type prompt: Allows to include null values and handle functions that may return null values.


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