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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP Tutorialphp数据库中的单例模式

所谓的单例模式简而言之就是某个类在运行过程中只有一个实例,并且能够自行实例化并为整个系统的运行提供这个实例。在数据库连接中使用单例模式实例化数据库连接对象主要是可以避免重复的实例化对象而造成资源的浪费。

php实现数据库连接对象单例模式主要包括三点:

1 需要一个保存类的唯一实例静态成员变量,一般为$_instance private变量;

private $_instance;

2 构造函数和克隆函数必须声明为私有,防止被外部实例化类;

private function __construct{

}

private function __clone(){

}

3 必须提供一个访问这个实例的公共静态方法,一般为getInstance方法,且返回一个实例的引用;

static public function getInstance(){

  if(is_null(self::$_instance) || !isset(self::$_instance)){

     self::$_instance = new DB();

  }

   return self::$_instance;

}

使用单例模式最大的目的主要是实现应用中只有一个类的实例,在java或者.net这些编译型的语言是可以保证这个唯一的实例常驻在内存中,并持续到整个应用程序生命周期的结束,但是在php这种解释型的语言中,由于这种运行机制使得每个PHP页面被解释执行后,所有的相关资源都会被回收。也就是说,PHP在语言级别上没有办法让某个对象常驻内存,所有的变量无论是全局变量还是类的静态成员,都是页面级的(不是应用级别的),每次页面被执行时,都会重新建立新的对象,都会在页面执行完毕后被清空,这样似乎PHP单例模式就没有什么意义了,所以PHP单例模式只是在单次页面级请求时出现多个应用场景并需要共享同一对象资源时体现出优势。

不过话又说回来,对于java等编译型语言,单例可以常驻内存并被整个应用复用,但是在高并发的情况下,是否会出现使用上的问题呢?因为每个请求都是使用同一个实例,肯定会存在调用上的问题的,因此,对于多用户java系统,数据库实例设计为单例模式是有问题的,存在一个排队的问题,可以由数据库引擎自行解决。因此,在php中使用单例模式对于任何系统都是有优势的,因为php的语言特点决定这个单例只是页面级别的,当页面的php代码执行完毕之后就会被自动释放,对于一个页面有多个数据库使用的场景来说,是可以很好的节约资源,从提高系统的性能。


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