声明:本系列博客参考资料《大话设计模式》,作者程杰。
命令模式:在软件系统中,“行为请求者”与“行为实现者”通常呈现一种“紧耦合”。但在某些场合,比如要对行为进行“记录、撤销/重做、事务”等处理,这种无法抵御变化的紧耦合是不合适的。在这种情况下,如何将“行为请求者”与“行为实现者”解耦?将一组行为抽象为对象,实现二者之间的松耦合。这就是命令模式。
类图:
角色分析:
抽象命令:定义命令的接口,声明执行的方法。
具体命令:命令接口实现对象,是“虚”的实现;通常会持有接收者,并调用接收者的功能来完成命令要执行的操作。
命令接收者:接收者,真正执行命令的对象。任何类都可能成为一个接收者,只要它能够实现命令要求实现的相应功能。
控制者:要求命令对象执行请求,通常会持有命令对象,可以持有很多的命令对象。这个是客户端真正触发命令并要求命令执行相应操作的地方,也就是说相当于使用命令对象的入口。
核心代码:
<?php /** * Created by PhpStorm. * User: LYL * Date: 2015/6/4 * Time: 20:21 *//** * 电视机是请求的接收者,*遥控器上有一些按钮,不同的按钮对应电视机的不同操作。*抽象命令角色由一个命令接口来扮演,有三个具体的命令类实现了抽象命令接口,*这三个具体命令类分别代表三种操作:打开电视机、关闭电视机和切换频道。*显然,电视机遥控器就是一个典型的命令模式应用实例。 *//**命令接收者 * Class Tv */class Tv{ public $curr_channel=0; /** * 打开电视机 */ public function turnOn() { echo "The television is on."."<br/>"; } /** * 关闭电视机 */ public function turnOff() { echo "The television is off."."<br>"; } /**切换频道 * @param $channel 频道 */ public function turnChannel($channel) { $this->curr_channel=$channel; echo "This TV Channel is ".$this->curr_channel."<br>"; }}/**执行命令接口 * Interface ICommand */interface ICommand{ function execute();}/**开机命令 * Class CommandOn */class CommandOn implements ICommand{ private $tv; public function __construct($tv) { $this->tv=$tv; } public function execute() { $this->tv->turnOn(); }}/**关机命令 * Class CommandOn */class CommandOff implements ICommand{ private $tv; public function __construct($tv) { $this->tv=$tv; } public function execute() { $this->tv->turnOff(); }}/**切换频道命令 * Class CommandOn */class CommandChannel implements ICommand{ private $tv; private $channel; public function __construct($tv,$channel) { $this->tv=$tv; $this->channel=$channel; } public function execute() { $this->tv->turnChannel($this->channel); }}/**遥控器 * Class Control */class Control{ private $_onCommand; private $_offCommand; private $_changeChannel; public function __construct($on,$off,$channel) { $this->_onCommand = $on; $this->_offCommand = $off; $this->_changeChannel = $channel; } public function turnOn() { $this->_onCommand->execute(); } public function turnOff() { $this->_offCommand->execute(); } public function changeChannel() { $this->_changeChannel->execute(); }}
调用客户端代码:
header("Content-Type:text/html;charset=utf-8");//----------------------命令模式--------------------require_once "./Command/Command.php";//测试代码// 命令接收者 $myTv = new Tv();// 开机命令 $on = new CommandOn($myTv);// 关机命令 $off = new CommandOff($myTv);// 频道切换命令 $channel = new CommandChannel($myTv, 2);// 命令控制对象 $control = new Control($on, $off, $channel);// 开机 $control->turnOn();// 切换频道 $control->changeChannel();// 关机 $control->turnOff();
适用场景:
1.系统需要将请求调用者和请求接收者解耦,使得调用者和接收者不直接交互。
2.系统需要在不同的时间指定请求、将请求排队和执行请求。
3.系统需要支持命令的撤销(Undo)操作和恢复(Redo)操作。
4.系统需要将一组操作组合在一起,即支持宏命令。
优点
1.降低对象之间的耦合度。
2.新的命令可以很容易地加入到系统中。
3.可以比较容易地设计一个组合命令。
4.调用同一方法实现不同的功能
缺点
使用命令模式可能会导致某些系统有过多的具体命令类。因为针对每一个命令都需要设计一个具体命令类,因此某些系统可能需要大量具体命令类,这将影响命令模式的使用。
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