1、模式定义
命令模式(Command)将请求封装成对象,从而使你可用不同的请求对客户进行参数化;对请求排队或记录请求日志,以及支持可撤消的操作。这么说很抽象,我们举个例子:
假设我们有一个调用者类 Invoker 和一个接收调用请求的类 Receiver,在两者之间我们使用命令类 Command 的 execute 方法来托管请求调用方法,这样,调用者 Invoker 只知道调用命令类的 execute 方法来处理客户端请求,从而实现接收者 Receiver 与调用者 Invoker 的解耦。
Laravel 中的Artisan 命令就使用了命令模式。
2、UML类图
3、示例代码
CommandInterface.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command;/** * CommandInterface */interface CommandInterface{ /** * 在命令模式中这是最重要的方法, * Receiver在构造函数中传入. */ public function execute();}
HelloCommand.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command;/** * 这是一个调用Receiver的print方法的命令实现类, * 但是对于调用者而言,只知道调用命令类的execute方法 */class HelloCommand implements CommandInterface{ /** * @var Receiver */ protected $output; /** * 每一个具体的命令基于不同的Receiver * 它们可以是一个、多个,甚至完全没有Receiver * * @param Receiver $console */ public function __construct(Receiver $console) { $this->output = $console; } /** * 执行并输出 "Hello World" */ public function execute() { // 没有Receiver的时候完全通过命令类来实现功能 $this->output->write('Hello World'); }}
Receiver.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command;/** * Receiver类 */class Receiver{ /** * @param string $str */ public function write($str) { echo $str; }}
Invoker.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command;/** * Invoker类 */class Invoker{ /** * @var CommandInterface */ protected $command; /** * 在调用者中我们通常可以找到这种订阅命令的方法 * * @param CommandInterface $cmd */ public function setCommand(CommandInterface $cmd) { $this->command = $cmd; } /** * 执行命令 */ public function run() { $this->command->execute(); }}
4、测试代码
Tests/CommandTest.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command\Tests;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command\Invoker;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command\Receiver;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\Command\HelloCommand;/** * CommandTest在命令模式中扮演客户端角色 */class CommandTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase{ /** * @var Invoker */ protected $invoker; /** * @var Receiver */ protected $receiver; protected function setUp() { $this->invoker = new Invoker(); $this->receiver = new Receiver(); } public function testInvocation() { $this->invoker->setCommand(new HelloCommand($this->receiver)); $this->expectOutputString('Hello World'); $this->invoker->run(); }}
5、总结
命令模式就是将一组对象的相似行为,进行了抽象,将调用者与被调用者之间进行解耦,提高了应用的灵活性。命令模式将调用的目标对象的一些异构性给封装起来,通过统一的方式来为调用者提供服务。

What’s still popular is the ease of use, flexibility and a strong ecosystem. 1) Ease of use and simple syntax make it the first choice for beginners. 2) Closely integrated with web development, excellent interaction with HTTP requests and database. 3) The huge ecosystem provides a wealth of tools and libraries. 4) Active community and open source nature adapts them to new needs and technology trends.

PHP and Python are both high-level programming languages that are widely used in web development, data processing and automation tasks. 1.PHP is often used to build dynamic websites and content management systems, while Python is often used to build web frameworks and data science. 2.PHP uses echo to output content, Python uses print. 3. Both support object-oriented programming, but the syntax and keywords are different. 4. PHP supports weak type conversion, while Python is more stringent. 5. PHP performance optimization includes using OPcache and asynchronous programming, while Python uses cProfile and asynchronous programming.

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

PHP remains important in the modernization process because it supports a large number of websites and applications and adapts to development needs through frameworks. 1.PHP7 improves performance and introduces new features. 2. Modern frameworks such as Laravel, Symfony and CodeIgniter simplify development and improve code quality. 3. Performance optimization and best practices further improve application efficiency.

PHPhassignificantlyimpactedwebdevelopmentandextendsbeyondit.1)ItpowersmajorplatformslikeWordPressandexcelsindatabaseinteractions.2)PHP'sadaptabilityallowsittoscaleforlargeapplicationsusingframeworkslikeLaravel.3)Beyondweb,PHPisusedincommand-linescrip

PHP type prompts to improve code quality and readability. 1) Scalar type tips: Since PHP7.0, basic data types are allowed to be specified in function parameters, such as int, float, etc. 2) Return type prompt: Ensure the consistency of the function return value type. 3) Union type prompt: Since PHP8.0, multiple types are allowed to be specified in function parameters or return values. 4) Nullable type prompt: Allows to include null values and handle functions that may return null values.


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