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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP 设计模式系列 -- 空对象模式(Null Object)

1、模式定义

空对象模式并不是 GoF 那本《设计模式》中提到的 23 种经典设计模式之一,但却是一个经常出现以致我们不能忽略的模式。该模式有以下优点:

  • 简化客户端代码
  • 减少空指针异常风险
  • 更少的条件控制语句以减少测试用例

在空对象模式中,以前返回对象或 null 的方法现在返回对象或空对象NullObject,这样会减少代码中的条件判断,比如之前调用返回对象方法要这么写:

if (!is_null($obj)) {     $obj->callSomething(); }

现在因为即使对象为空也会返回空对象,所以可以直接这样调用返回对象上的方法:

$obj->callSomething();

从而消除客户端的检查代码。

当然,你可能已经意识到了,要实现这种调用的前提是返回对象和空对象需要实现同一个接口,具备一致的代码结构。

2、UML类图

3、示例代码

Service.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject;/** * Service 是使用 logger 的模拟服务 */class Service{    /**     * @var LoggerInterface     */    protected $logger;    /**     * 我们在构造函数中注入logger     *     * @param LoggerInterface $log     */    public function __construct(LoggerInterface $log)    {        $this->logger = $log;    }    /**     * do something ...     */    public function doSomething()    {        // 在空对象模式中不再需要这样判断 "if (!is_null($this->logger))..."        $this->logger->log('We are in ' . __METHOD__);        // something to do...    }}

LoggerInterface.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject;/** * LoggerInterface 是 logger 接口 * * 核心特性: NullLogger必须和其它Logger一样实现这个接口 */interface LoggerInterface{    /**     * @param string $str     *     * @return mixed     */    public function log($str);}

PrintLogger.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject;/** * PrintLogger是用于打印Logger实体到标准输出的Logger */class PrintLogger implements LoggerInterface{    /**     * @param string $str     */    public function log($str)    {        echo $str;    }}

NullLogger.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject;/** * 核心特性 : 必须实现LoggerInterface接口 */class NullLogger implements LoggerInterface{    /**     * {@inheritdoc}     */    public function log($str)    {        // do nothing    }}

4、测试代码

Tests/LoggerTest.php

<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\Tests;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\NullLogger;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\Service;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\PrintLogger;/** * LoggerTest 用于测试不同的Logger */class LoggerTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase{    public function testNullObject()    {        $service = new Service(new NullLogger());        $this->expectOutputString(null);  // 没有输出        $service->doSomething();    }    public function testStandardLogger()    {        $service = new Service(new PrintLogger());        $this->expectOutputString('We are in DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\Service::doSomething');        $service->doSomething();    }}
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