web服务器接受到浏览器的请求时，如果是静态资源就直接将其返回给浏览器；如果是动态资源，就需要CGI ，cgi可以理解为一种协议or一类处理程序，可以执行 php or python 脚本。
web服务器exec这样一个进程，然后交给他一些输入参数，他就慢慢的处理完后把结果返回给web服务器，那从协议层面来说cgi协议就是规范了web服务器和cgi程序的一些输入输出参数的含义。
CGI（Common Gateway Interface）是1993年由美国国家超级电脑应用中心（NCSA）为 NCSA HTTPd Web 服务器开发的。这个 Web 服务器使用了 UNIX shell 环境变量 来保存从 Web 服务器传递出去的参数，然后生成一个运行 CGI 的独立进程。CGI的第一个实现是 Perl 写的，但是 CGI 有如下问题：
- 效率低下：每一个连接 fork 一个进程处理。
- 功能十分有限：CGI只能收到一个请求，输出一个响应。
所以就有了Apache的mod_php，FastCGI（Fast Common Gateway Interface）
FastCGI使用进程/线程池来处理一连串的请求。这些进程/线程由FastCGI服务器管理，而不是Web服务器。 当进来一个请求时，Web服务器把环境变量和这个页面请求通过一个Socket长连接传递给FastCGI进程。所以FastCGI有如下的优点：
- 性能：通过进程/线程池规避了CGI开辟新的进程的开销。
- 兼容：非常容易改造现有CGI标准的程序。
- 语言无关：FastCGI是一套标准，理论上讲只要能进行标准输出（stdout）的语言都可以作为FastCGI标准的Web后端。
5.phpfpm是php对fastcgi的一种具体实现，它的启动后会创建多个cgi子进程，然后主进程负责管理子进程，同时它对外提供一个socket，那web服务器当要转发一个动态请求时只需要按照fastcgi协议要求的格式将数据发往这个socket的就可以了，那phpfpm创建的子进程去争抢这个socket连接，谁抢到了谁处理并将结果返回给web服务器，那phpfpm主进程干什么了？比方说其中一个子进程异常退出了怎么办，那phpfpm会去监控他一旦发现一个cgi子进程就会又启动一个，还有其他诸多管理功能
6 phpfpm作为一个独立的进程存在 通过socket与nginx建立连接，而mod_php 是作为一个模块被加载进了apache服务器，同时他们两作为cgi调度管理器，他们对其管理的方式也不一样
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