通常我们希望封装好的类是完整和独立的,不需要从外部干预内部代码的执行,所以依赖程序员另外写代码测试一个类中的方法是否出错,这是非常不合理的。
我们需要把错误处理的责任集中放在类的内部,而不能依赖于调用该类的程序员和外部代码,因为通常使用该类的程序员并不知道怎么处理类内部的方法所引发的错误。
Exception类
一般的写法:
< ?phpclass Server{ function __construct($file) { $this->file = $file; if(!file_exists($file)){ throw new Exception("file '$file' does not exist."); } }}class Client{ static function init() { try{ $conf = new Server(dirname(__FILE__)."/conf01.xml"); //测试用例 $conf->write(); }catch(Exception $e){ print $e; //这里可以打印错误或者做其他事情 } }}Client::init();?>
当抛出异常的时候,调用作用域中国的catch子句会被调用,自动将Exception对象作为参数传入因为异常抛出时会停止执行类的方法,所以此时控制权从try子句移交到catch子句
不过有个问题,就是每次只能获取一个error,因为即使写多了判断然后throw,但也是只能catch一个,毕竟都不能区分,所以需要做一些处理
高级写法
< ?phpclass Server { function __construct($file) { $this->file = $file; if(!file_exists($file)){ throw new FileException("file '$this->file' does not exist."); } } function write() { if(! is_writable($this->file)){ throw new BadException("file '$this->file' is bad."); //测试我将文件改成不能写的权限 chmod 000 conf01.xml } }}class BadException extends Exception{ //需要创建一个新的Exception类,名字是可以diy的,不过需要继承Exception类}class Client{ static function init() { try{ $conf = new Server(dirname(__FILE__)."/conf01.xml"); $conf->write(); }catch(FileException $e){ print $e; }catch(BadException $e){ //这里只执行了一个Exception,不过也是我们的目标的BadException print $e; }catch(Exception $e){ //这里是为了做后备,为了获取一些其他不能确认的Exception print $e; } }}Client::init();?>
结果输出:
exception 'BadException' with message 'file 'Downloads/conf01.xml' is bad.' in Downloads/Untitled.php:15Stack trace:#0 Downloads/Untitled.php(28): Server->write()#1 /Downloads/Untitled.php(39): Client::init()#2 {main}
需要注意的是,catch是会按照顺序来匹配的,如果前一个被匹配了,后面都就不会被触发。
继承exception类,还可以自定义自己的输出
< ?phpclass Server { function __construct($file) { $this->file = $file; if(!file_exists($file)){ throw new FileException("file '$this->file' does not exist."); } } function write() { if(! is_writable($this->file)){ throw new BadException("file '$this->file' is not writeable."); } if(! is_readable($this->file)){ throw new SpecilException($this->file); } }}class BadException extends Exception{}class SpecilException extends Exception{ function __construct($file){ //这里可以创建一些自己的Exception规则,而不单纯是支持打印错误 echo "this is a Specil error,'$file' is not readable"; }}class Client{ static function init() { try{ $conf = new Server(dirname(__FILE__)."/conf01.xml"); $conf->write(); }catch(FileException $e){ print $e; }catch(BadException $e){ print $e; }catch(SpecilException $e){ //我将测试文件改成不能读的状态来测试 print $e; }catch(Exception $e){ print $e; } }}Client::init();?>
输出结果:
this is a Specil error,'/Downloads/conf01.xml' is not readableexception 'SpecilException' in/Downloads/Untitled.php:19Stack trace:#0 /Downloads/Untitled.php(40): Server->write()#1 /Downloads/Untitled.php(53): Client::init()#2 {main}

PHP type prompts to improve code quality and readability. 1) Scalar type tips: Since PHP7.0, basic data types are allowed to be specified in function parameters, such as int, float, etc. 2) Return type prompt: Ensure the consistency of the function return value type. 3) Union type prompt: Since PHP8.0, multiple types are allowed to be specified in function parameters or return values. 4) Nullable type prompt: Allows to include null values and handle functions that may return null values.

In PHP, use the clone keyword to create a copy of the object and customize the cloning behavior through the \_\_clone magic method. 1. Use the clone keyword to make a shallow copy, cloning the object's properties but not the object's properties. 2. The \_\_clone method can deeply copy nested objects to avoid shallow copying problems. 3. Pay attention to avoid circular references and performance problems in cloning, and optimize cloning operations to improve efficiency.

PHP is suitable for web development and content management systems, and Python is suitable for data science, machine learning and automation scripts. 1.PHP performs well in building fast and scalable websites and applications and is commonly used in CMS such as WordPress. 2. Python has performed outstandingly in the fields of data science and machine learning, with rich libraries such as NumPy and TensorFlow.

Key players in HTTP cache headers include Cache-Control, ETag, and Last-Modified. 1.Cache-Control is used to control caching policies. Example: Cache-Control:max-age=3600,public. 2. ETag verifies resource changes through unique identifiers, example: ETag: "686897696a7c876b7e". 3.Last-Modified indicates the resource's last modification time, example: Last-Modified:Wed,21Oct201507:28:00GMT.

In PHP, password_hash and password_verify functions should be used to implement secure password hashing, and MD5 or SHA1 should not be used. 1) password_hash generates a hash containing salt values to enhance security. 2) Password_verify verify password and ensure security by comparing hash values. 3) MD5 and SHA1 are vulnerable and lack salt values, and are not suitable for modern password security.

PHP is a server-side scripting language used for dynamic web development and server-side applications. 1.PHP is an interpreted language that does not require compilation and is suitable for rapid development. 2. PHP code is embedded in HTML, making it easy to develop web pages. 3. PHP processes server-side logic, generates HTML output, and supports user interaction and data processing. 4. PHP can interact with the database, process form submission, and execute server-side tasks.

PHP has shaped the network over the past few decades and will continue to play an important role in web development. 1) PHP originated in 1994 and has become the first choice for developers due to its ease of use and seamless integration with MySQL. 2) Its core functions include generating dynamic content and integrating with the database, allowing the website to be updated in real time and displayed in personalized manner. 3) The wide application and ecosystem of PHP have driven its long-term impact, but it also faces version updates and security challenges. 4) Performance improvements in recent years, such as the release of PHP7, enable it to compete with modern languages. 5) In the future, PHP needs to deal with new challenges such as containerization and microservices, but its flexibility and active community make it adaptable.

The core benefits of PHP include ease of learning, strong web development support, rich libraries and frameworks, high performance and scalability, cross-platform compatibility, and cost-effectiveness. 1) Easy to learn and use, suitable for beginners; 2) Good integration with web servers and supports multiple databases; 3) Have powerful frameworks such as Laravel; 4) High performance can be achieved through optimization; 5) Support multiple operating systems; 6) Open source to reduce development costs.


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