1.性能
Py3.0运行 pystone benchmark的速度比Py2.5慢30%。Guido认为Py3.0有极大的优化空间,在字符串和整形操作上可
以取得很好的优化结果。
Py3.1性能比Py2.5慢15%,还有很大的提升空间。
2.编码
Py3.X源码文件默认使用utf-8编码,这就使得以下代码是合法的:
>>> 中国 = 'china'
>>>print(中国)
china
3. 语法
1)去除了,全部改用!=
2)去除``,全部改用repr()
3)关键词加入as 和with,还有True,False,None
4)整型除法返回浮点数,要得到整型结果,请使用//
5)加入nonlocal语句。使用noclocal x可以直接指派外围(非全局)变量
6)去除print语句,加入print()函数实现相同的功能。同样的还有 exec语句,已经改为exec()函数
例如:
2.X: print "The answer is", 2*2
3.X: print("The answer is", 2*2)
2.X: print x, # 使用逗号结尾禁止换行
3.X: print(x, end=" ") # 使用空格代替换行
2.X: print # 输出新行
3.X: print() # 输出新行
2.X: print >>sys.stderr, "fatal error"
3.X: print("fatal error", file=sys.stderr)
2.X: print (x, y) # 输出repr((x, y))
3.X: print((x, y)) # 不同于print(x, y)!
7)改变了顺序操作符的行为,例如x
2.X:guess = int(raw_input('Enter an integer : ')) # 读取键盘输入的方法
3.X:guess = int(input('Enter an integer : '))
9)去除元组参数解包。不能def(a, (b, c)):pass这样定义函数了
10)新式的8进制字变量,相应地修改了oct()函数。
2.X的方式如下:
>>> 0666
438
>>> oct(438)
'0666'
3.X这样:
>>> 0666
SyntaxError: invalid token (
>>> 0o666
438
>>> oct(438)
'0o666'
11)增加了 2进制字面量和bin()函数
>>> bin(438)
'0b110110110'
>>> _438 = '0b110110110'
>>> _438
'0b110110110'
12)扩展的可迭代解包。在Py3.X 里,a, b, *rest = seq和 *rest, a = seq都是合法的,只要求两点:rest是list
对象和seq是可迭代的。
13)新的super(),可以不再给super()传参数,
>>> class C(object):
def __init__(self, a):
print('C', a)
>>> class D(C):
def __init(self, a):
super().__init__(a) # 无参数调用super()
>>> D(8)
C 8
<__main__.d object at>
14)新的metaclass语法:
class Foo(*bases, **kwds):
pass
15)支持class decorator。用法与函数decorator一样:
>>> def foo(cls_a):
def print_func(self):
print('Hello, world!')
cls_a.print = print_func
return cls_a
>>> @foo
class C(object):
pass
>>> C().print()
Hello, world!
class decorator可以用来玩玩狸猫换太子的大把戏。更多请参阅PEP 3129
4. 字符串和字节串
1)现在字符串只有str一种类型,但它跟2.x版本的unicode几乎一样。
2)关于字节串,请参阅“数据类型”的第2条目
5.数据类型
1)Py3.X去除了long类型,现在只有一种整型——int,但它的行为就像2.X版本的long
2)新增了bytes类型,对应于2.X版本的八位串,定义一个bytes字面量的方法如下:
>>> b = b'china'
>>> type(b)
str对象和bytes对象可以使用.encode() (str -> bytes) or .decode() (bytes -> str)方法相互转化。
>>> s = b.decode()
>>> s
'china'
>>> b1 = s.encode()
>>> b1
b'china'
3)dict的.keys()、.items 和.values()方法返回迭代器,而之前的iterkeys()等函数都被废弃。同时去掉的还有
dict.has_key(),用 in替代它吧
6.面向对象
1)引入抽象基类(Abstraact Base Classes,ABCs)。
2)容器类和迭代器类被ABCs化,所以cellections模块里的类型比Py2.5多了很多。
>>> import collections
>>> print('\n'.join(dir(collections)))
Callable
Container
Hashable
ItemsView
Iterable
Iterator
KeysView
Mapping
MappingView
MutableMapping
MutableSequence
MutableSet
NamedTuple
Sequence
Set
Sized
ValuesView
__all__
__builtins__
__doc__
__file__
__name__
_abcoll
_itemgetter
_sys
defaultdict
deque
另外,数值类型也被ABCs化。关于这两点,请参阅 PEP 3119和PEP 3141。
3)迭代器的next()方法改名为__next__(),并增加内置函数next(),用以调用迭代器的__next__()方法
4)增加了@abstractmethod和 @abstractproperty两个 decorator,编写抽象方法(属性)更加方便。
7.异常
1)所以异常都从 BaseException继承,并删除了StardardError
2)去除了异常类的序列行为和.message属性
3)用 raise Exception(args)代替 raise Exception, args语法
4)捕获异常的语法改变,引入了as关键字来标识异常实例,在Py2.5中:
>>> try:
... raise NotImplementedError('Error')
... except NotImplementedError, error:
... print error.message
...
Error
在Py3.0中:
>>> try:
raise NotImplementedError('Error')
except NotImplementedError as error: #注意这个 as
print(str(error))
Error
5)异常链,因为__context__在3.0a1版本中没有实现
8.模块变动
1)移除了cPickle模块,可以使用pickle模块代替。最终我们将会有一个透明高效的模块。
2)移除了imageop模块
3)移除了 audiodev, Bastion, bsddb185, exceptions, linuxaudiodev, md5, MimeWriter, mimify, popen2,
rexec, sets, sha, stringold, strop, sunaudiodev, timing和xmllib模块
4)移除了bsddb模块(单独发布,可以从http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm获取)
5)移除了new模块
6)os.tmpnam()和os.tmpfile()函数被移动到tmpfile模块下
7)tokenize模块现在使用bytes工作。主要的入口点不再是generate_tokens,而是 tokenize.tokenize()
9.其它
1)xrange() 改名为range(),要想使用range()获得一个list,必须显式调用:
>>> list(range(10))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
2)bytes对象不能hash,也不支持 b.lower()、b.strip()和b.split()方法,但对于后两者可以使用 b.strip(b'
\n\t\r \f')和b.split(b' ‘)来达到相同目的
3)zip()、map()和filter()都返回迭代器。而apply()、 callable()、coerce()、 execfile()、reduce()和reload
()函数都被去除了
现在可以使用hasattr()来替换 callable(). hasattr()的语法如:hasattr(string, '__name__')
4)string.letters和相关的.lowercase和.uppercase被去除,请改用string.ascii_letters 等
5)如果x 6)__getslice__系列成员被废弃。a[i:j]根据上下文转换为a.__getitem__(slice(I, j))或 __setitem__和
__delitem__调用
7)file类被废弃,在Py2.5中:
>>> file
在Py3.X中:
>>> file
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "
file
NameError: name 'file' is not defined

Python excels in automation, scripting, and task management. 1) Automation: File backup is realized through standard libraries such as os and shutil. 2) Script writing: Use the psutil library to monitor system resources. 3) Task management: Use the schedule library to schedule tasks. Python's ease of use and rich library support makes it the preferred tool in these areas.

To maximize the efficiency of learning Python in a limited time, you can use Python's datetime, time, and schedule modules. 1. The datetime module is used to record and plan learning time. 2. The time module helps to set study and rest time. 3. The schedule module automatically arranges weekly learning tasks.

Python excels in gaming and GUI development. 1) Game development uses Pygame, providing drawing, audio and other functions, which are suitable for creating 2D games. 2) GUI development can choose Tkinter or PyQt. Tkinter is simple and easy to use, PyQt has rich functions and is suitable for professional development.

Python is suitable for data science, web development and automation tasks, while C is suitable for system programming, game development and embedded systems. Python is known for its simplicity and powerful ecosystem, while C is known for its high performance and underlying control capabilities.

You can learn basic programming concepts and skills of Python within 2 hours. 1. Learn variables and data types, 2. Master control flow (conditional statements and loops), 3. Understand the definition and use of functions, 4. Quickly get started with Python programming through simple examples and code snippets.

Python is widely used in the fields of web development, data science, machine learning, automation and scripting. 1) In web development, Django and Flask frameworks simplify the development process. 2) In the fields of data science and machine learning, NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-learn and TensorFlow libraries provide strong support. 3) In terms of automation and scripting, Python is suitable for tasks such as automated testing and system management.

You can learn the basics of Python within two hours. 1. Learn variables and data types, 2. Master control structures such as if statements and loops, 3. Understand the definition and use of functions. These will help you start writing simple Python programs.

How to teach computer novice programming basics within 10 hours? If you only have 10 hours to teach computer novice some programming knowledge, what would you choose to teach...


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

PhpStorm Mac version
The latest (2018.2.1) professional PHP integrated development tool

SecLists
SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.

DVWA
Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software

VSCode Windows 64-bit Download
A free and powerful IDE editor launched by Microsoft