1.urlopen()方法
urllib.urlopen(url[, data[, proxies]]) :创建一个表示远程url的类文件对象,然后像本地文件一样操作这个类文件对象来获取远程数据。
参数url表示远程数据的路径,一般是网址;
参数data表示以post方式提交到url的数据(玩过web的人应该知道提交数据的两种方式:post与get。如果你不清楚,也不必太在意,一般情况下很少用到这个参数);
参数proxies用于设置代理。
urlopen返回 一个类文件对象,它提供了如下方法:
read() , readline() , readlines() , fileno() , close() :这些方法的使用方式与文件对象完全一样;
info():返回一个httplib.HTTPMessage 对象,表示远程服务器返回的头信息
getcode():返回Http状态码。如果是http请求,200表示请求成功完成;404表示网址未找到;
geturl():返回请求的url;
代码示例:
import urllib
url = "http://www.baidu.com/"
#urlopen()
sock = urllib.urlopen(url)
htmlCode = sock.read()
sock.close
fp = open("e:/1.html","wb")
fp.write(htmlCode)
fp.close
#urlretrieve()
urllib.urlretrieve(url, 'e:/2.html')
2.urlretrieve方法
直接将远程数据下载到本地。
urllib.urlretrieve(url[, filename[, reporthook[, data]]])
参数说明:
url:外部或者本地url
filename:指定了保存到本地的路径(如果未指定该参数,urllib会生成一个临时文件来保存数据);
reporthook:是一个回调函数,当连接上服务器、以及相应的数据块传输完毕的时候会触发该回调。我们可以利用这个回调函数来显示当前的下载进度。
data:指post到服务器的数据。该方法返回一个包含两个元素的元组(filename, headers),filename表示保存到本地的路径,header表示服务器的响应头。
下面通过例子来演示一下这个方法的使用,这个例子将新浪首页的html抓取到本地,保存在D:/sina.html文件中,同时显示下载的进度。
import urllib
def callbackfunc(blocknum, blocksize, totalsize):
'''回调函数
@blocknum: 已经下载的数据块
@blocksize: 数据块的大小
@totalsize: 远程文件的大小
'''
percent = 100.0 * blocknum * blocksize / totalsize
if percent > 100:
percent = 100
print "%.2f%%"% percent
url = 'http://www.sina.com.cn'
local = 'd:\\sina.html'
urllib.urlretrieve(url, local, callbackfunc)

TomergelistsinPython,youcanusethe operator,extendmethod,listcomprehension,oritertools.chain,eachwithspecificadvantages:1)The operatorissimplebutlessefficientforlargelists;2)extendismemory-efficientbutmodifiestheoriginallist;3)listcomprehensionoffersf

In Python 3, two lists can be connected through a variety of methods: 1) Use operator, which is suitable for small lists, but is inefficient for large lists; 2) Use extend method, which is suitable for large lists, with high memory efficiency, but will modify the original list; 3) Use * operator, which is suitable for merging multiple lists, without modifying the original list; 4) Use itertools.chain, which is suitable for large data sets, with high memory efficiency.

Using the join() method is the most efficient way to connect strings from lists in Python. 1) Use the join() method to be efficient and easy to read. 2) The cycle uses operators inefficiently for large lists. 3) The combination of list comprehension and join() is suitable for scenarios that require conversion. 4) The reduce() method is suitable for other types of reductions, but is inefficient for string concatenation. The complete sentence ends.

PythonexecutionistheprocessoftransformingPythoncodeintoexecutableinstructions.1)Theinterpreterreadsthecode,convertingitintobytecode,whichthePythonVirtualMachine(PVM)executes.2)TheGlobalInterpreterLock(GIL)managesthreadexecution,potentiallylimitingmul

Key features of Python include: 1. The syntax is concise and easy to understand, suitable for beginners; 2. Dynamic type system, improving development speed; 3. Rich standard library, supporting multiple tasks; 4. Strong community and ecosystem, providing extensive support; 5. Interpretation, suitable for scripting and rapid prototyping; 6. Multi-paradigm support, suitable for various programming styles.

Python is an interpreted language, but it also includes the compilation process. 1) Python code is first compiled into bytecode. 2) Bytecode is interpreted and executed by Python virtual machine. 3) This hybrid mechanism makes Python both flexible and efficient, but not as fast as a fully compiled language.

Useaforloopwheniteratingoverasequenceorforaspecificnumberoftimes;useawhileloopwhencontinuinguntilaconditionismet.Forloopsareidealforknownsequences,whilewhileloopssuitsituationswithundeterminediterations.

Pythonloopscanleadtoerrorslikeinfiniteloops,modifyinglistsduringiteration,off-by-oneerrors,zero-indexingissues,andnestedloopinefficiencies.Toavoidthese:1)Use'i


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows
This project is in the process of being migrated to osdn.net/projects/mingw, you can continue to follow us there. MinGW: A native Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), freely distributable import libraries and header files for building native Windows applications; includes extensions to the MSVC runtime to support C99 functionality. All MinGW software can run on 64-bit Windows platforms.

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

DVWA
Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

PhpStorm Mac version
The latest (2018.2.1) professional PHP integrated development tool
