我们已经接触过函数(function)的参数(arguments)传递。当时我们根据位置,传递对应的参数。我们将接触更多的参数传递方式。
回忆一下位置传递:
def f(a,b,c):
return a+b+c
print(f(1,2,3))
在调用f时,1,2,3根据位置分别传递给了a,b,c。
关键字传递
有些情况下,用位置传递会感觉比较死板。关键字(keyword)传递是根据每个参数的名字传递参数。关键字并不用遵守位置的对应关系。依然沿用上面f的定义,更改调用方式:
print(f(c=3,b=2,a=1))
关键字传递可以和位置传递混用。但位置参数要出现在关键字参数之前:
print(f(1,c=3,b=2))
参数默认值
在定义函数的时候,使用形如a=19的方式,可以给参数赋予默认值(default)。如果该参数最终没有被传递值,将使用该默认值。
def f(a,b,c=10):
return a+b+c
print(f(3,2))
print(f(3,2,1))
在第一次调用函数f时, 我们并没有足够的值,c没有被赋值,c将使用默认值10.
第二次调用函数的时候,c被赋值为1,不再使用默认值。
包裹传递
在定义函数时,我们有时候并不知道调用的时候会传递多少个参数。这时候,包裹(packing)位置参数,或者包裹关键字参数,来进行参数传递,会非常有用。
下面是包裹位置传递的例子:
def func(*name):
print type(name)
print name
func(1,4,6)
func(5,6,7,1,2,3)
两次调用,尽管参数个数不同,都基于同一个func定义。在func的参数表中,所有的参数被name收集,根据位置合并成一个元组(tuple),这就是包裹位置传递。
为了提醒Python参数,name是包裹位置传递所用的元组名,在定义func时,在name前加*号。
下面是包裹关键字传递的例子:
def func(**dict):
print type(dict)
print dict
func(a=1,b=9)
func(m=2,n=1,c=11)
与上面一个例子类似,dict是一个字典,收集所有的关键字,传递给函数func。为了提醒Python,参数dict是包裹关键字传递所用的字典,在dict前加**。
包裹传递的关键在于定义函数时,在相应元组或字典前加*或**。
解包裹
*和**,也可以在调用的时候使用,即解包裹(unpacking), 下面为例:
def func(a,b,c):
print a,b,c
args = (1,3,4)
func(*args)
在这个例子中,所谓的解包裹,就是在传递tuple时,让tuple的每一个元素对应一个位置参数。在调用func时使用*,是为了提醒Python:我想要把args拆成分散的三个元素,分别传递给a,b,c。(设想一下在调用func时,args前面没有*会是什么后果?)
相应的,也存在对词典的解包裹,使用相同的func定义,然后:
dict = {'a':1,'b':2,'c':3}
func(**dict)
在传递词典dict时,让词典的每个键值对作为一个关键字传递给func。
混合
在定义或者调用参数时,参数的几种传递方式可以混合。但在过程中要小心前后顺序。基本原则是,先位置,再关键字,再包裹位置,再包裹关键字,并且根据上面所说的原理细细分辨。
注意:请注意定义时和调用时的区分。包裹和解包裹并不是相反操作,是两个相对独立的过程。
总结
关键字,默认值,
包裹位置,包裹关键字
解包裹

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