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HomeBackend DevelopmentPHP TutorialPHP 七問世,2億網站效能翻倍有望

PHP 7問世,2億網站效能翻倍有望

經過10年的漫長等待,PHP 7終於正式問世了。這個影響全球8成網站的開發語言,一舉從5.0版,跳過了功敗垂成的6.0版,一舉進入了7.0時代。

20年前初夏,1995年6月8日,一位愛解決問題的C語言軟體工程師,苦於不知如何用C來做一個自己的個人首頁,因為沒人提供C語言版的網頁開發環境。他索性自己來寫一個,並命名為Personal Home Page Tools,簡稱PHP Tool。這就是日後用來開發出Facebook、Yahoo等全球2億多個網站的PHP語言最初的版本。而這位C語言開發者Rasmus Lerdorf,也就成了PHP之父。PHP隨著網際網路從1996年開始起飛,也迅速成為開發人員打造網站的首選技術。

不過,在快速進化的IT世界中,越早出現的技術,往往也背負了越重的轉型包袱。PHP語言一路跟著作業系統,從32位元架構開始跨入64位元,在2004年推出的PHP 5更是一個體質大改造的版本,順利地跨入了物件導向架構的世界,穩坐網站開發技術龍頭。即使微軟打著容易上手為號召,以ASP網站開發技術搶攻市場,PHP仍是許多網站開發者心目中的首選。2008年時,光在臺灣,每4個網站,至少有1個是採用PHP開發。

不過,2005年時, PHP在Unicode的支援過程上,重重摔了一跤。Unicode支援原本要成為PHP 6的主打特色,但在開發社群中對多國語言支援的爭論,和PHP效能議題的質疑,衍生出了漫長的拉扯論戰,也延宕了PHP 6的發展,甚至PHP 5.3的小改版都搶先在2009年支援了PHP 6的大部分功能(除了Unicode支援外),隔年春天,PHP 6計畫正式宣告失敗而終止,也讓PHP技術的發展,蒙上了一層陰霾。PHP 5持續改版推陳出新,但總是處於一種小改小修的優化,而鮮有從根本上革新的大進步。儘管語言進展緩慢,但PHP的影響力卻是持續不墜,甚至越來越大,2013年初,Netcraft網站統計,全球超過2.4億個網站後端開發語言使用的就是PHP。

Rasmus Lerdorf今年5月來臺演講時告訴我,Facebook為了自家網站速度而重新改寫了PHP編譯引擎的JIT作法,引起了PHP開發者對於PHP語言效能的再思考。

2014年,開始有一群PHP開發者(包括了來自中國的惠新宸)展開PHP語言的重構,也就是PHP NG專案(PHP New Generation),為了提高效能,他們不惜重新檢視甚至改寫PHP語言原始碼,一試結果發現,PHP程式的效能大幅提升了30%。

舊版PHP語言的發展目標是希望盡可能地提供更多功能,來滿足任何網站開發的需求,但新的PHP 7,則是希望兼顧效能和功能。Rasmus Lerdorf這樣說。

但要對一個已經發展了10年,歷經了全球開源開發人員精心雕琢之後的開發語言,還想要找出很大效能突破的關鍵,不是一件容易的事。

也因此,PHP 5重構專案PHP NG的巨大成效,也獲得PHP開發社群支持,成了PHP 7的基礎,開發社群轉而細細地推敲每一行PHP程式碼,想辦法從各種地方找出效能優化的關鍵。

例如PHP核心開發團隊花了很多心力來縮減PHP程式執行時所需搬動的記憶體位元數,像是將PHP儲存變數的資料架構zval從24位元縮減至16位元。或是重新檢視CPU層級的程式碼運作過程,來確保PHP 7程式碼更能符合新一代的處理器架構。

每一次修改的優化可能只改善不到0.5%的效能,但經過了數百次如此這樣斟酌推敲的成果,就讓PHP 7的效能比舊版提高了一倍。

儘管從PHP 5升級到7也不是一件容易的事,但對全球2億個用PHP開發的網站而言,PHP 7無疑是一個解決既有網站效能瓶頸的新救星。

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