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回溯法求解迷宫问题

引言

最近在leetcode上看了些算法题,有些看着很简单的很常用的东西,竟然一下子想不出来怎么求解,比如说:实现sqrt函数,求数组的排列。如果高数学的不好,这些看似简单的问题,第一次碰到也会感觉很难求解,当然了,今天要说的是这样一个问题,求解迷宫的所有解,这个问题的求解用到了回溯法的思想,不了解这个思想的话,很多稍微复杂点的问题都很难解了。

问题描述

这个问题是在实在瞎逛的时候碰到的,具体哪里记不太清了。

<code>1   1   1   10   1   0   10   1   0   10   1   1   1</code>

上面是一个迷宫,左上角是入口,右下角是出口,小萌(对,你没看错,是长了草的小明)从入口进入,从出口逃出(1个小时逃不出会被X怪物吃掉),其中1表示可以通行,0表示不能通行,只能向右和向下两个方向走,求出所有的小萌可能逃生的路线。

这个问题看似挺简单,一下就可以看到答案,但是将思想翻译为代码却不知道从何入手了。

如何解决

解决这个问题的一种方案就是回溯法,先一起看看回溯法(百度百科)的定义:

回溯法(探索与回溯法)是一种选优搜索法,又称为试探法,按选优条件向前搜索,以达到目标。但当探索到某一步时,发现原先选择并不优或达不到目标,就退回一步重新选择,这种走不通就退回再走的技术为回溯法,而满足回溯条件的某个状态的点称为“回溯点”。

我的思路:

  • 对上面的迷宫进行坐标化,左上角是(0,0),右下角是(3,3),其他点分散在坐标系中
  • 从(0,0)开始
  • 从给定的坐标点开始,先向右搜索,是1的话继续,是0的话向下搜索,搜索前记录当前已经搜索过的坐标
  • 当坐标等于(3,3)的时候就是一个回溯点了,这个时候也返回
  • 只要不越界,重复第三步骤

看看我的PHP实现:

<code><?php $nums = [    [1,1,1,1,1,1],    [0,1,0,1,0,1],    [0,1,0,1,0,1],    [0,1,1,1,1,1]];function getRet($data, $x, $y, &$result=[], $record){    $snapshort = [];    $xL = count($data) - 1;    $yL = count($data[0]) - 1;    if($x > $xL || $y > $yL) {        //跑到迷宫不存在的空间了,这种事情绝对不能发生        return;    }    if($data[$x][$y] == "0") {        //是0的话停止继续前进,退回上一状态        return;    } elseif($data[$x][$y] == "1") {        //是1的话,记录最新的坐标到当前已找到的路径中,继续向前搜索        //如果到达出口,记录答案并回溯        $snapshort = array_merge($record, [[$x, $y]]);        if($x == $xL && $y == $yL) {            $result[] = array_merge($record, [[$x, $y]]);            return;        }    } else {        return;    }           //向有搜索    //这里的$snapshort保存当前搜索位置的状态,等到下次回溯到这里的时候会用到    getRet($data, $x, ++$y, $result, $snapshort);    //向下搜索    getRet($data, ++$x, --$y, $result, $snapshort);}//看个例子    $result = [];getRet($nums, 0, 0, $result, []);foreach ($result as $pos) {    foreach ($pos as $xy) {        echo "({$xy[0]},{$xy[1]}) => ";    }    echo "end\n";}//输出结果(0,0)=>(0,1)=>(0,2)=>(0,3)=>(0,4)=>(0,5)=>(1,5)=>(2,5)=>(3,5)=>end(0,0)=>(0,1)=>(0,2)=>(0,3)=>(1,3)=>(2,3)=>(3,3)=>(3,4)=>(3,5)=>end(0,0)=>(0,1)=>(1,1)=>(2,1)=>(3,1)=>(3,2)=>(3,3)=>(3,4)=>(3,5)=>end</code>
2楼crazyacking
sqrt函数在中的实现是牛顿迭代法吧
1楼crazyacking
sqrt函数在c中的实现是牛顿迭代法吧
Re: 奔跑的Man
@crazyacking,夜猫子~~
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