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数据中心能源消耗与气候科技投资的未来

本文探讨了人工智能驱动的数据中心能源消耗激增及其对气候变化的影响,并分析了应对这一挑战的创新解决方案和政策建议。

Could Data Center Demand Spark A Climate Tech Rebound?

能源需求的挑战: 大型超大规模数据中心耗电量巨大,堪比数十万个普通北美家庭的总和,而新兴的AI超大规模中心耗电量更是数十倍于此。2024年前八个月,微软、Meta、谷歌和亚马逊在AI数据中心建设和运营方面的投资已达约1250亿美元(摩根大通,2024)(表1)。

Could Data Center Demand Spark A Climate Tech Rebound?

不断增长的能源需求既是挑战也是机遇。据Canary Media报道,迫在眉睫的电力需求增长已促使美国公用事业公司计划建设新的化石燃料发电厂,并延长燃煤发电厂的运行时间。专家担心,此举将进一步加大脱碳目标的压力,并增加美国公用事业公司和最终支付电厂和电网基础设施费用的纳税人的负担。全球范围内,一些国家正在通过法规应对数据中心对电力需求的增长。阿姆斯特丹已暂停新建项目以优先考虑城市可持续性,而新加坡则强制执行更高的服务器机房设定温度(26°C或更高)以减少冷却负荷,尽管这会缩短芯片寿命。

气候科技初创企业开发新的解决方案以实现数据中心的脱碳:

随着人工智能推动数据中心需求的增长,气候科技初创企业正在抓住一个绝佳的机会来实现数字基础设施的脱碳。2024年,从谷歌“登月工厂”X公司衍生出来的初创公司280 Earth签署了一项价值4000万美元的协议,通过名为Frontier的倡议捕获一些主要公司的二氧化碳排放,其中包括Stripe、Alphabet、Meta、Shopify和麦肯锡。最近,Scalvy等新的初创公司试图开发用于数据中心机架的模块化电力电子设备,以更低的损耗转换电压和电流。

然而,尽管有新的解决方案来解决能源问题,但气候科技初创企业面临着充满挑战的融资环境和不确定的政策环境。根据彭博新能源财经的数据,2024年全球气候科技股权融资暴跌40%,从2023年的840亿美元降至约510亿美元。尽管风险投资总额有所增加,但这标志着气候科技融资连续第三年下降。与此同时,投资者在2024年向人工智能公司投入了近1000亿美元,人工智能资金的大量涌入“吸走了”脱碳项目的资金。

然而,这种差异掩盖了一种更深层次的协同作用。许多专家指出,人工智能和气候解决方案不一定是竞争对手;事实上,人工智能可以加速气候技术的发展。值得注意的是,与人工智能驱动的对数据基础设施的需求相关的行业无视了经济低迷。能源投资飙升至94亿美元——增长12%——而建筑业增长了10%,总额达27亿美元。根据Sightline Climate 2024年气候科技投资趋势报告,去年十大气候科技交易中的四笔(Scala、Crusoe、X-energy和Form Energy)是用于参与可持续数据中心开发的企业(图表2)。

Could Data Center Demand Spark A Climate Tech Rebound?

2023年,顶级交易主要集中在电池和供应链的融资,平均为7.8亿美元。然而,2024年,平均交易规模下降至5亿美元,比前一年的平均水平低约三分之一。为了使气候科技领域复苏并利用可持续数据中心和人工智能投资的同步增长,政府应首先推动更广泛的研发资金和税收激励措施,以进一步提高人工智能相关计算机芯片的效率(图表3)。

Could Data Center Demand Spark A Climate Tech Rebound?

在超大规模数据中心中,芯片级别的创新可以显著降低每次推断的功耗,从而在电网层面实现巨大的节电效果。表2重点介绍了来自中国DeepSeek、美国Groq和韩国DEEPX的领先案例,它们都采用了新颖的优化方法来降低计算需求并提高效率。此外,将推理转移到本地边缘设备而不是集中式云数据中心上的设备端人工智能范例,可以将每个任务的能源消耗降低两个到三个数量级。

Could Data Center Demand Spark A Climate Tech Rebound?

能源信用额度可以刺激低碳数据中心和对气候科技的更广泛投资:

为了加速低功耗转型,所有主要数据中心市场中的政策制定者还应实施一种能源信用交易系统,奖励公司在节能硬件上执行工作负载或将计算任务转移到可再生能源盈余时期(表3)。

Could Data Center Demand Spark A Climate Tech Rebound?

相比之下,碳信用交易仍然不平衡。尽管欧盟的排放交易系统强制执行碳信用交易,但大多数主要经济体都缺乏类似的全国性框架。在美国,合规市场目前仅限于加利福尼亚州的限额与交易计划、东北地区的区域温室气体倡议和华盛顿州的气候承诺法案,没有联邦计划。这种地域性的拼凑式方法阻止了服务不足地区的 数据中心运营商将低碳计算策略货币化,导致对节能芯片的投资不足,并继续依赖高碳电网电力。

扩大能源信用交易系统和国家碳信用市场的规模,超越目前的拼凑式方法,将确保为未来人工智能提供动力的数据中心也能推动下一波气候科技投资,同时创造有利于市场的价格信号和流动性,从而催化更广泛的气候科技部署,而不是锁定另一个十年的化石燃料主导地位。

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