How to Guarantee UTF-8 Encoding Throughout Your Application Stack?

Ensuring UTF-8 Throughout the Application Stack

Data Storage

• Specify UTF-8mb4 character set in MySQL for tables and text columns (e.g., ALTER TABLE test CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8mb4;)

Data Access

• Set the connection charset to UTF-8mb4 in the application code (e.g., for PHP: $dbh = new PDO('mysql:charset=utf8mb4'))
• Use a driver mechanism to configure the connection charset (preferred approach)

Output

• Set UTF-8 in the HTTP header (e.g., Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8)
• Add JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE when encoding output using json_encode()

Input

• Check received strings for valid UTF-8 using mb_check_encoding()

Other Code Considerations

• Ensure all files are encoded in valid UTF-8
• Use PHP's mbstring extension for safe processing of UTF-8 strings
• Understand UTF-8 at the lowest level for optimal handling

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