How Can C Traits Solve Compilation Issues with Static Polymorphism and Typedefs in the Curiously Recurring Template Pattern?

Static Polymorphism and Typedefs in C

Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP) is a technique in C to achieve static polymorphism. However, when attempting to generalize this pattern to modify return types based on derived types, the code may not compile, as encountered by a user using MSVC 2010.

Issue:

The following code, intended to allow different return types in the derived class, fails to compile:

template <typename derived_t>
class base {
public:
    typedef typename derived_t::value_type value_type;
    value_type foo() {
        return static_cast<derived_t>(this)->foo();
    }
};

template <typename t>
class derived : public base<derived>> {
public:
    typedef T value_type;
    value_type foo() {
        return T();
    }
};</derived></typename></derived_t></typename>

The error encountered is "is not a member of 'derived'.'" This occurs because the derived type is incomplete when used as a template argument for its base class.

Solution using Traits:

A common workaround is to employ a traits class template. In this approach, a base_traits class template is defined to encapsulate both types and functions from the derived class. The original base class is modified to use these traits.

template <typename derived_t>
struct base_traits;

template <typename derived_t>
struct base {
    typedef typename base_traits<derived_t>::value_type value_type;
    value_type base_foo() {
        return base_traits<derived_t>::call_foo(static_cast<derived_t>(this));
    }
};

template <typename t>
struct derived : base<derived>> {
    typedef typename base_traits<derived>::value_type value_type;
    value_type derived_foo() {
        return value_type();
    }
};

template <typename t>
struct base_traits<derived>> {
    typedef T value_type;
    static value_type call_foo(derived<t>* x) {
        return x->derived_foo();
    }
};</t></derived></typename></derived></derived></typename></derived_t></derived_t></derived_t></typename></typename>

By specializing the base_traits class for each type used in the derived template argument, the desired types and functions can be accessed through the traits, enabling both static polymorphism and dynamic return types.

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