


Unexpected Results for sin and cos Functions with Degrees Input
When utilizing the C/C sin() and cos() functions for angles expressed in degrees, discrepancies may arise from the mathematical interpretation of degrees versus radians.
Cause of Discrepancy
C/C 's sin() and cos() functions are designed to accept angles in radians. However, the subsequent use of the DegreesToRadians() function to convert degrees to radians introduces inherent approximation due to rounding and the finite precision limits of the double datatype. Additionally, the use of M_PI may result in slight deviations from the mathematical definition of π.
Mathematical Interpretation
sin(0.0547) = 0.0547
cos(0.0547) = 0.9984
When expressed in degrees:
sin(0.0547) = sin(0.0547 × 180 / π) ≈ 0.0031
cos(0.0547) = cos(0.0547 × 180 / π) ≈ 0.9995
Solution
To address this discrepancy, we recommend reducing the angle in degrees prior to invoking the trigonometric functions. This technique ensures precision within a range of -45° to 45°.
#define M_PIf (3.14159265358979323846) #include <stdio.h> double DegreesToRadians(double degrees) { return degrees * M_PIf / 180; } double sind(double x) { if (x <p><strong>Sample Output</strong></p> <p>Using the improved sind() function:</p> <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">printf("sin() of 180.0 degrees: %f\n", sin(DegreesToRadians(180.0))); printf("sind() of 180.0 degrees: %f\n", sind(180.0));
Output
sin() of 180.0 degrees: -1.2246467991474805e-16 sind() of 180.0 degrees: -0.0000000000000000e+00
This output demonstrates accurate results for the sin() and cos() functions with angles given in degrees.
The above is the detailed content of Why Do C/C \'s `sin()` and `cos()` Functions Produce Unexpected Results When Using Degrees?. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

This article explains the C Standard Template Library (STL), focusing on its core components: containers, iterators, algorithms, and functors. It details how these interact to enable generic programming, improving code efficiency and readability t

This article details efficient STL algorithm usage in C . It emphasizes data structure choice (vectors vs. lists), algorithm complexity analysis (e.g., std::sort vs. std::partial_sort), iterator usage, and parallel execution. Common pitfalls like

The article discusses dynamic dispatch in C , its performance costs, and optimization strategies. It highlights scenarios where dynamic dispatch impacts performance and compares it with static dispatch, emphasizing trade-offs between performance and

The article discusses using move semantics in C to enhance performance by avoiding unnecessary copying. It covers implementing move constructors and assignment operators, using std::move, and identifies key scenarios and pitfalls for effective appl

C 20 ranges enhance data manipulation with expressiveness, composability, and efficiency. They simplify complex transformations and integrate into existing codebases for better performance and maintainability.

This article details effective exception handling in C , covering try, catch, and throw mechanics. It emphasizes best practices like RAII, avoiding unnecessary catch blocks, and logging exceptions for robust code. The article also addresses perf

C memory management uses new, delete, and smart pointers. The article discusses manual vs. automated management and how smart pointers prevent memory leaks.

Article discusses effective use of rvalue references in C for move semantics, perfect forwarding, and resource management, highlighting best practices and performance improvements.(159 characters)


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 English version
Recommended: Win version, supports code prompts!

Safe Exam Browser
Safe Exam Browser is a secure browser environment for taking online exams securely. This software turns any computer into a secure workstation. It controls access to any utility and prevents students from using unauthorized resources.

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

DVWA
Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software

mPDF
mPDF is a PHP library that can generate PDF files from UTF-8 encoded HTML. The original author, Ian Back, wrote mPDF to output PDF files "on the fly" from his website and handle different languages. It is slower than original scripts like HTML2FPDF and produces larger files when using Unicode fonts, but supports CSS styles etc. and has a lot of enhancements. Supports almost all languages, including RTL (Arabic and Hebrew) and CJK (Chinese, Japanese and Korean). Supports nested block-level elements (such as P, DIV),
