How to Access .env Variables in Nuxt 2 or 3: A Comprehensive Solution

.env Variables in Nuxt 2 or 3: A Comprehensive Solution

Nuxt.js allows you to seamlessly manage environment variables through .env files, but encountering issues is not uncommon. This guide provides a step-by-step solution to the recurring problem of accessing .env variables in Nuxt's configuration.

Issue Description

You are facing a failure in your Nuxt application while attempting to read environment variables from .env within nuxt.config.js or another module. Console errors indicate that a key is missing, despite being specified in the .env file.

Root Cause

In earlier versions of Nuxt, .env variables were not automatically loaded into the application. Additional packages, such as @nuxtjs/dotenv, were required to facilitate the loading process. However, with the introduction of Nuxt 2.13,dotenv handling is now built into the framework, eliminating the need for external packages.

Solution

For Nuxt 2.13 or above:

1. Create an .env file: Place an .env file at the root of your project and specify your environment variables within it. Ensure it is ignored by Git.
2. Define your configuration: In nuxt.config.js, employ publicRuntimeConfig or privateRuntimeConfig to define your .env variables.

export default {
    publicRuntimeConfig: {
        myPublicVariable: process.env.PUBLIC_VARIABLE,
    },
    privateRuntimeConfig: {
        myPrivateToken: process.env.PRIVATE_TOKEN,
   }
}

3. Access your variables: Use this. followed by the config name to access your variables in .vue files or plugins. For instance: this.myPublicVariable.

For Nuxt 3:

1. Configure runtimeConfig: In nuxt.config.js, define your runtime configuration.
2. Define your variables: Inside the public object, assign your environment variables to their respective keys.
3. Access your variables: Utilize useRuntimeConfig() to access your variables in components or composables.

import { defineNuxtConfig } from 'nuxt3'

export default defineNuxtConfig({
    runtimeConfig: {
        public: {
            secret: process.env.SECRET,
        }
    }
}

Additional Tips

• When targeting server mode (target: server), you can update your environment variables without rebuilding. Simply run yarn start again.
• Visit the official Nuxt.js documentation for more information on RuntimeConfig.

Conclusion

By following these steps, you can effectively use .env variables in Nuxt 2 or 3. Remember, .env files are valuable for storing sensitive information and configuration values, ensuring they are not exposed to the public.

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