How can you implement a \'defer\' feature in C without relying on STL or Boost libraries?

Custom Implementation of a "Defer" Feature in C

In C , the concept of "defer" involves executing specific actions at the end of a particular scope or block of code. While the STL (Standard Template Library) and Boost libraries do not provide a built-in implementation of this feature, a custom solution can be created using the following code snippet:

<code class="cpp">#ifndef defer
struct defer_dummy {};
template <class F> struct deferrer { F f; ~deferrer() { f(); } };
template <class F> deferrer<F> operator*(defer_dummy, F f) { return {f}; }
#define DEFER_(LINE) zz_defer##LINE
#define DEFER(LINE) DEFER_(LINE)
#define defer auto DEFER(__LINE__) = defer_dummy{} *[&amp;]()
#endif // defer</code>

Usage:

The defer macro can be used within a specific scope to define a block of code that will be executed when that scope ends. The syntax is as follows:

<code class="cpp">defer {
    // Code to be executed at the end of the current scope
};</code>

Example:

In the following example, the defer macro is used within the read_entire_file function to automatically close the input file when the function exits:

<code class="cpp">#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdio>

bool read_entire_file(char *filename, std::uint8_t *&data_out, std::size_t *size_out = nullptr) {
    if (!filename)
        return false;

    auto file = std::fopen(filename, "rb");
    if (!file)
        return false;

    defer { std::fclose(file); }; // don't need to write an RAII file wrapper.

    // ... Remaining code
}</code>

Benefits:

• Zero overhead: Unlike some other implementations, this approach does not incur any additional overhead.
• Syntactically concise: The syntax is designed to be easy to read and use.
• Zero dependencies: This implementation does not rely on any external libraries, reducing compile times.
• Flexible: The defer block can contain any valid C statement or expression.

Note:

• The local deferrer object's name starts with zz_ instead of _ to avoid Namespace Pollution.
• User identifiers should not technically begin with an underscore.

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