How to Avoid PDO Error: SQLSTATE[HY000]: General Error 2031 Caused by Improper Binding of Query Parameters?

PDO Error: SQLSTATE[HY000]: General Error 2031

One common reason for encountering the error "SQLSTATE[HY000]: General error: 2031" with PDO is the improper binding of query parameters. While the given code correctly binds placeholders using bindValue(), a potential issue lies in assigning multiple values to the same named placeholder.

Consider this example:

<code class="php">if ($limit) {
   $sth->bindValue(':page', $page - 1, PDO::PARAM_INT);
   $sth->bindValue(':page', $page * $entries_per_page, PDO::PARAM_INT);
}</code>

As illustrated, multiple values are bound to the placeholder ":page". Such double-binding can trigger error 2031. To avoid this, ensure that each placeholder is assigned a unique value.

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