Higher-Order Function (HOF) is a function that can accept another function as an argument or return a function, or both. Functions in JavaScript are considered First-Class Citizens, which means that functions can be stored as variables, passed as arguments, and returned. Because of this, it is easy to create higher-order functions in JavaScript.
Higher-Order Function is a function that:
- can take one or more functions as input.
- can return a function as output.
Such functions help make programming more modular and reusable.
eg:-
function higherOrderFunction(callback) { // কিছু কাজ করল console.log("Executing the callback function now..."); callback(); // কলব্যাক ফাংশনকে কল করা হচ্ছে } function sayHello() { console.log("Hello, World!"); } // higherOrderFunction কে একটি ফাংশন হিসেবে call করা হল higherOrderFunction(sayHello); // Output: // Executing the callback function now... // Hello, World!
In the above example, higherOrderFunction is a higher-order function that takes a function named sayHello as an argument and then calls it.
Advantages of Higher-Order Functions:
- Code Reusability: You can make common functions reusable by using HOFs.
- Abstraction: HOFs simplify complex logic by abstracting it.
- Modularity: Splitting code into smaller chunks makes it easier to manage.
- Functional Programming: HOFs are the basis of functional programming, where functions contain no state or mutable data.
Use of Higher-Order Functions:
- Event Handlers: HOFs are often used as event handlers, which define what action to take after a specific event.
- Asynchronous Programming: In asynchronous operations, such as AJAX calls, the actions to be performed after an AJAX call are determined by HOFs.
- Currying: Currying breaks down the function, and creates a new function with partial arguments.
- Composition: HOFs can be used to combine small functions to form complex functions.
Common Higher-Order Functions in JavaScript
JavaScript has many built-in Higher-Order Functions, which are commonly used to operate on arrays. Some common HOFs are:
-
map(): It applies a specified function to each element of an array and returns a new array.
javascriptCopy code const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]; const doubled = numbers.map(function(num) { return num * 2; }); console.log(doubled); // Output: [2, 4, 6, 8]
-
filter(): এটি একটি array-এর উপাদানগুলোকে একটি নির্দিষ্ট condition-এর ভিত্তিতে ফিল্টার করে এবং একটি নতুন array রিটার্ন করে।
javascriptCopy code const ages = [18, 21, 16, 25, 30]; const adults = ages.filter(function(age) { return age >= 18; }); console.log(adults); // Output: [18, 21, 25, 30]
-
reduce(): এটি একটি array-কে একটি single value-তে রিডিউস করে, একটি accumulator ব্যবহার করে।
javascriptCopy code const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]; const sum = numbers.reduce(function(acc, num) { return acc + num; }, 0); console.log(sum); // Output: 10
-
forEach(): এটি একটি array-এর প্রতিটি উপাদানে নির্দিষ্ট ফাংশন অ্যাপ্লাই করে, কিন্তু কোনো নতুন array রিটার্ন করে না।
javascriptCopy code const numbers = [1, 2, 3]; numbers.forEach(function(num) { console.log(num * 2); // Output: 2, 4, 6 });
Function Returning Function : JavaScript-এ, ফাংশন Higher-Order Functions এর মাধ্যমে অন্য একটি ফাংশনকে রিটার্ন করতে পারে। এটি শক্তিশালী কৌশল যেমন currying এবং function composition করতে সক্ষম করে।
javascriptCopy code function createMultiplier(multiplier) { return function(number) { return number * multiplier; }; } const double = createMultiplier(2); const triple = createMultiplier(3); console.log(double(5)); // Output: 10 console.log(triple(5)); // Output: 15
এই উদাহরণে, createMultiplier একটি Higher-Order Function যা একটি ফাংশনকে রিটার্ন করে যা একটি সংখ্যাকে গুণ করবে নির্দিষ্ট multiplier দিয়ে।
- Callback Functions : Callback Functions হল একটি ফাংশন যা একটি অন্য ফাংশনের আর্গুমেন্ট হিসেবে পাস করা হয় এবং প্রয়োজন অনুযায়ী সেই ফাংশনের ভিতরে এক্সিকিউট করা হয়। Callback Functions মূলত Higher-Order Functions এর একটি বিশেষ রূপ।
javascriptCopy code function fetchData(callback) { setTimeout(function() { callback("Data fetched successfully!"); }, 1000); } fetchData(function(message) { console.log(message); // Output: "Data fetched successfully!" });
এই উদাহরণে, fetchData একটি HOF, যা একটি ফাংশনকে আর্গুমেন্ট হিসেবে নেয় এবং সেটাকে নির্দিষ্ট সময় পরে কলব্যাক হিসেবে কল করে।
Conclusion
Higher-Order Functions JavaScript-এ একটি শক্তিশালী এবং বহুমুখী কনসেপ্ট যা কোডকে আরও সংগঠিত, পুনঃব্যবহারযোগ্য, এবং পরিষ্কার করে তোলে। ফাংশনকে ফার্স্ট-ক্লাস সিটিজেন হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে, JavaScript ডেভেলপারদের বিভিন্ন প্রোগ্রামিং প্যাটার্ন অনুসরণ করতে দেয়, যা ডেভেলপমেন্টকে আরও কার্যকর করে তোলে।
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