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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython Tutorial用map函数来完成Python并行任务的简单示例

众所周知,Python的并行处理能力很不理想。我认为如果不考虑线程和GIL的标准参数(它们大多是合法的),其原因不是因为技术不到位,而是我们的使用方法不恰当。大多数关于Python线程和多进程的教材虽然都很出色,但是内容繁琐冗长。它们的确在开篇铺陈了许多有用信息,但往往都不会涉及真正能提高日常工作的部分。

经典例子

DDG上以“Python threading tutorial (Python线程教程)”为关键字的热门搜索结果表明:几乎每篇文章中给出的例子都是相同的类+队列。

事实上,它们就是以下这段使用producer/Consumer来处理线程/多进程的代码示例:

#Example.py
'''
Standard Producer/Consumer Threading Pattern
'''
 
import time
import threading
import Queue
 
class Consumer(threading.Thread):
  def __init__(self, queue):
    threading.Thread.__init__(self)
    self._queue = queue
 
  def run(self):
    while True:
      # queue.get() blocks the current thread until
      # an item is retrieved.
      msg = self._queue.get()
      # Checks if the current message is
      # the "Poison Pill"
      if isinstance(msg, str) and msg == 'quit':
        # if so, exists the loop
        break
      # "Processes" (or in our case, prints) the queue item 
      print "I'm a thread, and I received %s!!" % msg
    # Always be friendly!
    print 'Bye byes!'
 
def Producer():
  # Queue is used to share items between
  # the threads.
  queue = Queue.Queue()
 
  # Create an instance of the worker
  worker = Consumer(queue)
  # start calls the internal run() method to
  # kick off the thread
  worker.start()
 
  # variable to keep track of when we started
  start_time = time.time()
  # While under 5 seconds..
  while time.time() - start_time < 5:
    # "Produce" a piece of work and stick it in
    # the queue for the Consumer to process
    queue.put('something at %s' % time.time())
    # Sleep a bit just to avoid an absurd number of messages
    time.sleep(1)
 
  # This the "poison pill" method of killing a thread.
  queue.put('quit')
  # wait for the thread to close down
  worker.join()
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
  Producer()

唔…….感觉有点像Java。

我现在并不想说明使用Producer / Consume来解决线程/多进程的方法是错误的——因为它肯定正确,而且在很多情况下它是最佳方法。但我不认为这是平时写代码的最佳选择。

它的问题所在(个人观点)

首先,你需要创建一个样板式的铺垫类。然后,你再创建一个队列,通过其传递对象和监管队列的两端来完成任务。(如果你想实现数据的交换或存储,通常还涉及另一个队列的参与)。

Worker越多,问题越多。

接下来,你应该会创建一个worker类的pool来提高Python的速度。下面是IBM tutorial给出的较好的方法。这也是程序员们在利用多线程检索web页面时的常用方法。

#Example2.py
'''
A more realistic thread pool example
'''
 
import time
import threading
import Queue
import urllib2
 
class Consumer(threading.Thread):
  def __init__(self, queue):
    threading.Thread.__init__(self)
    self._queue = queue
 
  def run(self):
    while True:
      content = self._queue.get()
      if isinstance(content, str) and content == 'quit':
        break
      response = urllib2.urlopen(content)
    print 'Bye byes!'
 
def Producer():
  urls = [
    'http://www.python.org', 'http://www.yahoo.com'
    'http://www.scala.org', 'http://www.google.com'
    # etc..
  ]
  queue = Queue.Queue()
  worker_threads = build_worker_pool(queue, 4)
  start_time = time.time()
 
  # Add the urls to process
  for url in urls:
    queue.put(url) 
  # Add the poison pillv
  for worker in worker_threads:
    queue.put('quit')
  for worker in worker_threads:
    worker.join()
 
  print 'Done! Time taken: {}'.format(time.time() - start_time)
 
def build_worker_pool(queue, size):
  workers = []
  for _ in range(size):
    worker = Consumer(queue)
    worker.start()
    workers.append(worker)
  return workers
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
  Producer()

它的确能运行,但是这些代码多么复杂阿!它包括了初始化方法、线程跟踪列表以及和我一样容易在死锁问题上出错的人的噩梦——大量的join语句。而这些还仅仅只是繁琐的开始!

我们目前为止都完成了什么?基本上什么都没有。上面的代码几乎一直都只是在进行传递。这是很基础的方法,很容易出错(该死,我刚才忘了在队列对象上还需要调用task_done()方法(但是我懒得修改了)),性价比很低。还好,我们还有更好的方法。

介绍:Map

Map是一个很棒的小功能,同时它也是Python并行代码快速运行的关键。给不熟悉的人讲解一下吧,map是从函数语言Lisp来的。map函数能够按序映射出另一个函数。例如

urls = ['http://www.yahoo.com', 'http://www.reddit.com']
results = map(urllib2.urlopen, urls)

这里调用urlopen方法来把调用结果全部按序返回并存储到一个列表里。就像:

results = []
for url in urls:
  results.append(urllib2.urlopen(url))

Map按序处理这些迭代。调用这个函数,它就会返回给我们一个按序存储着结果的简易列表。

为什么它这么厉害呢?因为只要有了合适的库,map能使并行运行得十分流畅!

201542151839097.png (700×400)

有两个能够支持通过map函数来完成并行的库:一个是multiprocessing,另一个是鲜为人知但功能强大的子文件:multiprocessing.dummy。

题外话:这个是什么?你从来没听说过dummy多进程库?我也是最近才知道的。它在多进程的说明文档里面仅仅只被提到了一句。而且那一句就是大概让你知道有这么个东西的存在。我敢说,这样几近抛售的做法造成的后果是不堪设想的!

Dummy就是多进程模块的克隆文件。唯一不同的是,多进程模块使用的是进程,而dummy则使用线程(当然,它有所有Python常见的限制)。也就是说,数据由一个传递给另一个。这能够使得数据轻松的在这两个之间进行前进和回跃,特别是对于探索性程序来说十分有用,因为你不用确定框架调用到底是IO 还是CPU模式。

准备开始

要做到通过map函数来完成并行,你应该先导入装有它们的模块:
 

from multiprocessing import Pool
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool

再初始化:
 

pool = ThreadPool()

这简单的一句就能代替我们的build_worker_pool 函数在example2.py中的所有工作。换句话说,它创建了许多有效的worker,启动它们来为接下来的工作做准备,以及把它们存储在不同的位置,方便使用。

Pool对象需要一些参数,但最重要的是:进程。它决定pool中的worker数量。如果你不填的话,它就会默认为你电脑的内核数值。

如果你在CPU模式下使用多进程pool,通常内核数越大速度就越快(还有很多其它因素)。但是,当进行线程或者处理网络绑定之类的工作时,情况会比较复杂所以应该使用pool的准确大小。
 

pool = ThreadPool(4) # Sets the pool size to 4

如果你运行过多线程,多线程间的切换将会浪费许多时间,所以你最好耐心调试出最适合的任务数。

我们现在已经创建了pool对象,马上就能有简单的并行程序了,所以让我们重新写example2.py中的url opener吧!

import urllib2
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool
 
urls = [
  'http://www.python.org',
  'http://www.python.org/about/',
  'http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/python/2003/04/17/metaclasses.html',
  'http://www.python.org/doc/',
  'http://www.python.org/download/',
  'http://www.python.org/getit/',
  'http://www.python.org/community/',
  'https://wiki.python.org/moin/',
  'http://planet.python.org/',
  'https://wiki.python.org/moin/LocalUserGroups',
  'http://www.python.org/psf/',
  'http://docs.python.org/devguide/',
  'http://www.python.org/community/awards/'
  # etc..
  ]
 
# Make the Pool of workers
pool = ThreadPool(4)
# Open the urls in their own threads
# and return the results
results = pool.map(urllib2.urlopen, urls)
#close the pool and wait for the work to finish
pool.close()
pool.join()

看吧!这次的代码仅用了4行就完成了所有的工作。其中3句还是简单的固定写法。调用map就能完成我们前面例子中40行的内容!为了更形象地表明两种方法的差异,我还分别给它们运行的时间计时。

# results = []
# for url in urls:
#  result = urllib2.urlopen(url)
#  results.append(result)
 
# # ------- VERSUS ------- #
 
# # ------- 4 Pool ------- #
# pool = ThreadPool(4)
# results = pool.map(urllib2.urlopen, urls)
 
# # ------- 8 Pool ------- #
 
# pool = ThreadPool(8)
# results = pool.map(urllib2.urlopen, urls)
 
# # ------- 13 Pool ------- #
 
# pool = ThreadPool(13)
# results = pool.map(urllib2.urlopen, urls)

结果:

#            Single thread: 14.4 Seconds
#               4 Pool:  3.1 Seconds
#               8 Pool:  1.4 Seconds
#               13 Pool:  1.3 Seconds

相当出色!并且也表明了为什么要细心调试pool的大小。在这里,只要大于9,就能使其运行速度加快。

实例2:

生成成千上万的缩略图

我们在CPU模式下来完成吧!我工作中就经常需要处理大量的图像文件夹。其任务之一就是创建缩略图。这在并行任务中已经有很成熟的方法了。

基础的单线程创建
 

import os
import PIL
 
from multiprocessing import Pool
from PIL import Image
 
SIZE = (75,75)
SAVE_DIRECTORY = 'thumbs'
 
def get_image_paths(folder):
  return (os.path.join(folder, f)
      for f in os.listdir(folder)
      if 'jpeg' in f)
 
def create_thumbnail(filename):
  im = Image.open(filename)
  im.thumbnail(SIZE, Image.ANTIALIAS)
  base, fname = os.path.split(filename)
  save_path = os.path.join(base, SAVE_DIRECTORY, fname)
  im.save(save_path)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
  folder = os.path.abspath(
    '11_18_2013_R000_IQM_Big_Sur_Mon__e10d1958e7b766c3e840')
  os.mkdir(os.path.join(folder, SAVE_DIRECTORY))
 
  images = get_image_paths(folder)
 
  for image in images:
       create_thumbnail(Image)

对于一个例子来说,这是有点难,但本质上,这就是向程序传递一个文件夹,然后将其中的所有图片抓取出来,并最终在它们各自的目录下创建和储存缩略图。

我的电脑处理大约6000张图片用了27.9秒。

如果我们用并行调用map来代替for循环的话:
 

import os
import PIL
 
from multiprocessing import Pool
from PIL import Image
 
SIZE = (75,75)
SAVE_DIRECTORY = 'thumbs'
 
def get_image_paths(folder):
  return (os.path.join(folder, f)
      for f in os.listdir(folder)
      if 'jpeg' in f)
 
def create_thumbnail(filename):
  im = Image.open(filename)
  im.thumbnail(SIZE, Image.ANTIALIAS)
  base, fname = os.path.split(filename)
  save_path = os.path.join(base, SAVE_DIRECTORY, fname)
  im.save(save_path)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
  folder = os.path.abspath(
    '11_18_2013_R000_IQM_Big_Sur_Mon__e10d1958e7b766c3e840')
  os.mkdir(os.path.join(folder, SAVE_DIRECTORY))
 
  images = get_image_paths(folder)
 
  pool = Pool()
    pool.map(create_thumbnail,images)
    pool.close()
    pool.join()

5.6秒!

对于只改变了几行代码而言,这是大大地提升了运行速度。这个方法还能更快,只要你将cpu 和 io的任务分别用它们的进程和线程来运行——但也常造成死锁。总之,综合考虑到 map这个实用的功能,以及人为线程管理的缺失,我觉得这是一个美观,可靠还容易debug的方法。

好了,文章结束了。一行完成并行任务。

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