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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython TutorialPython中函数的多种格式和使用实例及小技巧

这里先解释一下几个概念
- 位置参数:按位置设置的参数,隐式用元组保存对应形参.平时我们用的大多数是按位置传参.比如有函数def func(a,b,c),调用func(1,2,3).即a=1,b=2,c=3
- 关键字参数:可以通过关键字设置参数,不用关心参数位置,隐式用字典保存形参.比如有函数def func(a,b,c),调用func(b=1,c=2,a=3),即a=3,b=1,c=2

普通格式

复制代码 代码如下:

def func(opt_args):
    ...
    return value

带收集位置参数的函数

格式如下

复制代码 代码如下:

def func(*params):
    ...
    return value

用法

使用函数时,不用限制传参的个数,*params会自动收集传入的参数作为一个元组.

实例

复制代码 代码如下:

def  func(*params):
    print params

a = [1,2,3,4]
b = 'hello'
c = 3
func(a, b, c)

输出

复制代码 代码如下:

([1, 2, 3, 4], ‘hello', 3)

带收集关键字参数的函数

格式如下

复制代码 代码如下:

def func(**params):
    ...
    return value

用法
按关键字传参时,**params会自动收集传入的参数作为一个字典.

实例

复制代码 代码如下:

def  func(**params):
    print params
func(a=1, b=2, c=3)

输出
复制代码 代码如下:

{‘a': 1, ‘c': 3, ‘b': 2}

函数特殊用法

默认参数

格式

复制代码 代码如下:

def func(a = 1, b = 2)

等号(=)号是默认值,调用函数时可以不用传参给默认参数.
实例
复制代码 代码如下:

def  func(a = 1, b = 2):
    print a, b 
func(a=3)

输出
复制代码 代码如下:

3 2

函数可以返回多个值

格式

复制代码 代码如下:

return a, b, c

实例
复制代码 代码如下:

def  func(a = 1, b = 2):
    return a, b

print func(a=3)


输出
复制代码 代码如下:

(3, 2)

内嵌函数和闭包

格式

复制代码 代码如下:

def foo()    #外部函数
    def bar()    #内嵌函数
        ....
    ....

如果内嵌函数引用了外部函数的变量(包括外部函数参数),这个引用的变量称为自由变量, 那么称这个内嵌函数是闭包.再来看看专业的解释:闭包(Closure)是词法闭包(Lexical Closure)的简称,是引用了自由变量的函数。这个被引用的自由变量将和这个函数一同存在,即使已经离开了创造它的环境也不例外。

实例

复制代码 代码如下:

def foo(a, b):
    x = 4
    def bar():
        return x * a + b;
    return bar

f1= foo(1, 2)
f2= foo(2, 3)

print f1(), f2()


输出
复制代码 代码如下:

6 11

传递函数

Python一切皆对象,函数这一语法结构也是一个对象, 可以将函数名作为参数传递
格式

复制代码 代码如下:

def bar(*param1, **param2):
    ....

def foo(bar, *param1, **param2):
    bar(*param1, **param2)


实例
复制代码 代码如下:

def bar(*param1, **param2):
    print param1
    print param2

def foo(bar, *param1, **param2):
    bar(*param1, **param2)

foo(bar,  1, 2, 3,  a = 111, b = 222, c = 333)


输出
复制代码 代码如下:

(1, 2, 3)
{‘a': 111, ‘c': 333, ‘b': 222}

匿名函数与lambda

lambda语法可以创建一个匿名的函数,主要作用是简化书写,是一种语法糖.
- 格式

复制代码 代码如下:

lambda [arg1[, arg2, … argN]] : expression

实例
复制代码 代码如下:

def foo(x, y):
    return x + y
print  "call foo function, result is: ", foo(3, 4)

bar = lambda x = 2, y = 3 : x + y
print  "call lambda fucntion, result is:", bar(3,4)


输出
复制代码 代码如下:

call foo function, result is: 7
call lambda fucntion, result is: 7
Statement
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