这里先解释一下几个概念
- 位置参数:按位置设置的参数,隐式用元组保存对应形参.平时我们用的大多数是按位置传参.比如有函数def func(a,b,c),调用func(1,2,3).即a=1,b=2,c=3
- 关键字参数:可以通过关键字设置参数,不用关心参数位置,隐式用字典保存形参.比如有函数def func(a,b,c),调用func(b=1,c=2,a=3),即a=3,b=1,c=2
普通格式
def func(opt_args):
...
return value
带收集位置参数的函数
格式如下
def func(*params):
...
return value
用法
使用函数时,不用限制传参的个数,*params会自动收集传入的参数作为一个元组.
实例
def func(*params):
print params
a = [1,2,3,4]
b = 'hello'
c = 3
func(a, b, c)
输出
([1, 2, 3, 4], ‘hello', 3)
带收集关键字参数的函数
格式如下
def func(**params):
...
return value
用法
按关键字传参时,**params会自动收集传入的参数作为一个字典.
实例
def func(**params):
print params
func(a=1, b=2, c=3)
输出
{‘a': 1, ‘c': 3, ‘b': 2}
函数特殊用法
默认参数
格式
def func(a = 1, b = 2)
等号(=)号是默认值,调用函数时可以不用传参给默认参数.
实例
def func(a = 1, b = 2):
print a, b
func(a=3)
输出
3 2
函数可以返回多个值
格式
return a, b, c
实例
def func(a = 1, b = 2):
return a, b
print func(a=3)
输出
(3, 2)
内嵌函数和闭包
格式
def foo() #外部函数
def bar() #内嵌函数
....
....
如果内嵌函数引用了外部函数的变量(包括外部函数参数),这个引用的变量称为自由变量, 那么称这个内嵌函数是闭包.再来看看专业的解释:闭包(Closure)是词法闭包(Lexical Closure)的简称,是引用了自由变量的函数。这个被引用的自由变量将和这个函数一同存在,即使已经离开了创造它的环境也不例外。
实例
def foo(a, b):
x = 4
def bar():
return x * a + b;
return bar
f1= foo(1, 2)
f2= foo(2, 3)
print f1(), f2()
输出
6 11
传递函数
Python一切皆对象,函数这一语法结构也是一个对象, 可以将函数名作为参数传递
格式
def bar(*param1, **param2):
....
def foo(bar, *param1, **param2):
bar(*param1, **param2)
实例
def bar(*param1, **param2):
print param1
print param2
def foo(bar, *param1, **param2):
bar(*param1, **param2)
foo(bar, 1, 2, 3, a = 111, b = 222, c = 333)
输出
(1, 2, 3)
{‘a': 111, ‘c': 333, ‘b': 222}
匿名函数与lambda
lambda语法可以创建一个匿名的函数,主要作用是简化书写,是一种语法糖.
- 格式
lambda [arg1[, arg2, … argN]] : expression
实例
def foo(x, y):
return x + y
print "call foo function, result is: ", foo(3, 4)
bar = lambda x = 2, y = 3 : x + y
print "call lambda fucntion, result is:", bar(3,4)
输出
call foo function, result is: 7
call lambda fucntion, result is: 7

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Useaforloopwheniteratingoverasequenceorforaspecificnumberoftimes;useawhileloopwhencontinuinguntilaconditionismet.Forloopsareidealforknownsequences,whilewhileloopssuitsituationswithundeterminediterations.

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