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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython Tutorial使用Python的Treq on Twisted来进行HTTP压力测试

从事API相关的工作很有挑战性,在高峰期保持系统的稳定及健壮性就是其中之一,这也是我们在Mailgun做很多压力测试的原因。

这么久以来,我们已经尝试了很多种方法,从简单的ApacheBench到复杂些的自定义测试套。但是本贴讲述的,是一种使用python进行“快速粗糙”却非常灵活的压力测试的方法。
使用python写HTTP客户端的时候,我们都很喜欢用 Requests library。这也是我们向我们的API用户们推荐的。Requests 很强大,但有一个缺点,它是一个模块化的每线程一个调用的东西,很难或者说不可能用它来快速的产生成千上万级别的请求。
Treq on Twisted简介

为解决这个问题我们引入了Treq (Github库)。Treq是一个HTTP客户端库,受Requests影响,但是它运行在Twisted上,具有Twisted典型的强大能力:处理网络I/O时它是异步且高度并发的方式。

Treq并不仅仅限于压力测试:它是写高并发HTTP客户端的好工具,比如网页抓取。Treq很优雅、易于使用且强大。这是一个例子:

 >>> from treq import get
  
 >>> def done(response):
 ...   print response.code
 ...   reactor.stop()
  
 >>> get("http://www.github.com").addCallback(done)
  
 >>> from twisted.internet import reactor
 200

简单的测试脚本
如下是一个使用Treq的简单脚本,用最大可能量的请求来对单一URL进行轰炸。

 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from twisted.internet import epollreactor
 epollreactor.install()
  
 from twisted.internet import reactor, task
 from twisted.web.client import HTTPConnectionPool
 import treq
 import random
 from datetime import datetime
  
 req_generated = 0
 req_made = 0
 req_done = 0
  
 cooperator = task.Cooperator()
  
 pool = HTTPConnectionPool(reactor)
  
 def counter():
   '''This function gets called once a second and prints the progress at one
   second intervals.
   '''
   print("Requests: {} generated; {} made; {} done".format(
       req_generated, req_made, req_done))
   # reset the counters and reschedule ourselves
   req_generated = req_made = req_done = 0
   reactor.callLater(1, counter)
  
 def body_received(body):
   global req_done
   req_done += 1
  
 def request_done(response):
   global req_made
   deferred = treq.json_content(response)
   req_made += 1
   deferred.addCallback(body_received)
   deferred.addErrback(lambda x: None) # ignore errors
   return deferred
  
 def request():
   deferred = treq.post('http://api.host/v2/loadtest/messages',
              auth=('api', 'api-key'),
              data={'from': 'Loadtest <test@example.com>',
                 'to': 'to@example.org',
                'subject': "test"},
             pool=pool)
   deferred.addCallback(request_done)
   return deferred
  
 def requests_generator():
   global req_generated
   while True:
     deferred = request()
     req_generated += 1
     # do not yield deferred here so cooperator won't pause until
     # response is received
     yield None
  
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   # make cooperator work on spawning requests
   cooperator.cooperate(requests_generator())
  
   # run the counter that will be reporting sending speed once a second
   reactor.callLater(1, counter)
  
   # run the reactor
   reactor.run()

输出结果:

 2013-04-25 09:30 Requests: 327 generated; 153 sent; 153 received
 2013-04-25 09:30 Requests: 306 generated; 156 sent; 156 received
 2013-04-25 09:30 Requests: 318 generated; 184 sent; 154 received

“Generated”类的数字代表被Twisted反应器准备好但是还没有发送的请求。这个脚本为了简洁性忽略了所有错误处理。为它添加超时状态的信息就留给读者作为一个练习。

这个脚本可以当做是一个起始点,你可以通过拓展改进它来自定义特定应用下的处理逻辑。建议你在改进的时候用collections.Counter 来替代丑陋的全局变量。这个脚本运行在单线程上,想通过一台机器压榨出最大量的请求的话,你可以用类似 mulitprocessing 的技术手段。

愿你乐在压力测试!

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