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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython Tutorialpython 网络爬虫初级实现代码

首先,我们来看一个Python抓取网页的库:urllib或urllib2。

那么urllib与urllib2有什么区别呢?
可以把urllib2当作urllib的扩增,比较明显的优势是urllib2.urlopen()可以接受Request对象作为参数,从而可以控制HTTP Request的header部。
做HTTP Request时应当尽量使用urllib2库,但是urllib.urlretrieve()函数以及urllib.quote等一系列quote和unquote功能没有被加入urllib2中,因此有时也需要urllib的辅助。

urllib.open()这里传入的参数要遵循一些协议,比如http,ftp,file等。例如:

urllib.open('http://www.baidu.com')
urllib.open('file:D\Python\Hello.py')

现在有一个例子,下载一个网站上所有gif格式的图片。那么Python代码如下:

import re
import urllib

def getHtml(url):
 page = urllib.urlopen(url)
 html = page.read()
 return html

def getImg(html):
 reg = r'src="(.*?\.gif)"'
 imgre = re.compile(reg)
 imgList = re.findall(imgre,html)
 print imgList
 cnt = 1
 for imgurl in imgList:
  urllib.urlretrieve(imgurl,'%s.jpg' %cnt)
  cnt += 1

if __name__ == '__main__':
 html = getHtml('http://www.baidu.com')
 getImg(html)

根据上面的方法,我们可以抓取一定的网页,然后提取我们所需要的数据。

实际上,我们利用urllib这个模块来做网络爬虫效率是极其低下的,下面我们来介绍Tornado Web Server。
Tornado web server是使用Python编写出来的一个极轻量级、高可伸缩性和非阻塞IO的Web服务器软件,著名的Friendfeed网站就是使用它搭建的。Tornado跟其他主流的Web服务器框架(主要是Python框架)不同是采用epoll非阻塞IO,响应快速,可处理数千并发连接,特别适用用于实时的Web服务。

用Tornado Web Server来抓取网页效率会比较高。
从Tornado的官网来看,还要安装backports.ssl_match_hostname,官网如下:

http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/

import tornado.httpclient

def Fetch(url):
 http_header = {'User-Agent' : 'Chrome'}
 http_request = tornado.httpclient.HTTPRequest(url=url,method='GET',headers=http_header,connect_timeout=200,request_timeout=600)
 print 'Hello'
 http_client = tornado.httpclient.HTTPClient()
 print 'Hello World'

 print 'Start downloading data...'
 http_response = http_client.fetch(http_request)
 print 'Finish downloading data...'

 print http_response.code

 all_fields = http_response.headers.get_all()
 for field in all_fields:
  print field

 print http_response.body

if __name__ == '__main__':
 Fetch('http://www.baidu.com')

urllib2的常见方法:

(1)info() 获取网页的Header信息

(2)getcode() 获取网页的状态码

(3)geturl() 获取传入的网址

(4)read() 读取文件的内容

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