首先,我们来看一个Python抓取网页的库:urllib或urllib2。
那么urllib与urllib2有什么区别呢?
可以把urllib2当作urllib的扩增,比较明显的优势是urllib2.urlopen()可以接受Request对象作为参数,从而可以控制HTTP Request的header部。
做HTTP Request时应当尽量使用urllib2库,但是urllib.urlretrieve()函数以及urllib.quote等一系列quote和unquote功能没有被加入urllib2中,因此有时也需要urllib的辅助。
urllib.open()这里传入的参数要遵循一些协议,比如http,ftp,file等。例如:
urllib.open('http://www.baidu.com')
urllib.open('file:D\Python\Hello.py')
现在有一个例子,下载一个网站上所有gif格式的图片。那么Python代码如下:
import re import urllib def getHtml(url): page = urllib.urlopen(url) html = page.read() return html def getImg(html): reg = r'src="(.*?\.gif)"' imgre = re.compile(reg) imgList = re.findall(imgre,html) print imgList cnt = 1 for imgurl in imgList: urllib.urlretrieve(imgurl,'%s.jpg' %cnt) cnt += 1 if __name__ == '__main__': html = getHtml('http://www.baidu.com') getImg(html)
根据上面的方法,我们可以抓取一定的网页,然后提取我们所需要的数据。
实际上,我们利用urllib这个模块来做网络爬虫效率是极其低下的,下面我们来介绍Tornado Web Server。
Tornado web server是使用Python编写出来的一个极轻量级、高可伸缩性和非阻塞IO的Web服务器软件,著名的Friendfeed网站就是使用它搭建的。Tornado跟其他主流的Web服务器框架(主要是Python框架)不同是采用epoll非阻塞IO,响应快速,可处理数千并发连接,特别适用用于实时的Web服务。
用Tornado Web Server来抓取网页效率会比较高。
从Tornado的官网来看,还要安装backports.ssl_match_hostname,官网如下:
http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/
import tornado.httpclient def Fetch(url): http_header = {'User-Agent' : 'Chrome'} http_request = tornado.httpclient.HTTPRequest(url=url,method='GET',headers=http_header,connect_timeout=200,request_timeout=600) print 'Hello' http_client = tornado.httpclient.HTTPClient() print 'Hello World' print 'Start downloading data...' http_response = http_client.fetch(http_request) print 'Finish downloading data...' print http_response.code all_fields = http_response.headers.get_all() for field in all_fields: print field print http_response.body if __name__ == '__main__': Fetch('http://www.baidu.com')
urllib2的常见方法:
(1)info() 获取网页的Header信息
(2)getcode() 获取网页的状态码
(3)geturl() 获取传入的网址
(4)read() 读取文件的内容

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