缓存是指可以进行高速数据交换的存储器,它先于内存与CPU交换数据,因此速度很快。缓存就是把一些数据暂时存放于某些地方,可能是内存,也有可能硬盘。
在使用Scrapy爬网站的时候,产生出来的附加产物,因为在Scrapy爬取的时候,CPU的运行时间紧迫度不高(访问频次太高容易被封禁),借此机会难得来上一下,让自己的内存解放一下。
算法原理:
通过将要缓存的数据用二进制展开,得到的二进制数据映射到缓存字段上,要检验是否已经缓存过,仅需要去查找对应的映射位置即可,如果全部匹配上,则已经缓存。
# 二进制就是个二叉树
# 如下面可以表示出来的数据有0, 1, 2, 3四个(两个树独立)
0 1
/ \ / \
0 1 0 1
因此对缓存的操作就转化为对二叉树的操作,添加和查找只要在二叉树上找到对应路径的node即可。
算法关键代码:
def _read_bit(self, data, position): return (data >> position) & 0x1 def _write_bit(self, data, position, value): return data | value << position
实际使用效果如何呢?
在和Python默认的 set 相比较,得出测试结果如下(存取整型,不定长字符串,定长字符串):
Please select test mode:4 Please enter test times:1000 ==================================================================================================== TEST RESULT:: ==================================================================================================== set() bytecache items 1000 1000 add(s) 0.0 0.0209999084473 read(s) 0.0 0.0149998664856 hits 1000 1000 missed 0 0 size 32992 56 add(s/item) 0.0 2.09999084473e-05 read(s/item) 0.0 2.09999084473e-05 ==================================================================================================== size (set / bytecache): 589.142857143 add time (bytecache / set): N/A read time (bytecache / set): N/A ==================================================================================================== ...test fixed length & int data end... ==================================================================================================== TEST RESULT:: ==================================================================================================== set() bytecache items 1000 1000 add(s) 0.00100016593933 6.1740000248 read(s) 0.0 7.21300005913 hits 999 999 missed 0 0 size 32992 56 add(s/item) 1.00016593933e-06 0.0061740000248 read(s/item) 0.0 0.0061740000248 ==================================================================================================== size (set / bytecache): 589.142857143 add time (bytecache / set): 6172.97568534 read time (bytecache / set): N/A ==================================================================================================== ...test mutative length & string data end... ==================================================================================================== TEST RESULT:: ==================================================================================================== set() bytecache items 1000 1000 add(s) 0.0 0.513999938965 read(s) 0.0 0.421000003815 hits 999 999 missed 0 0 size 32992 56 add(s/item) 0.0 0.000513999938965 read(s/item) 0.0 0.000513999938965 ==================================================================================================== size (set / bytecache): 589.142857143 add time (bytecache / set): N/A read time (bytecache / set): N/A ==================================================================================================== ...test Fixed length(64) & string data end...
测试下来,内存消耗控制的比较好,一直在56字节,而是用 set 的内存虽然也不是很大,当相较于 ByteCache 来说,则大上很多。
但 ByteCache 的方式来缓存,最大的问题是当碰到非常大的随机数据时,消耗时间会比较惊人。如下面这种随机长度的字符串缓存测试结果:
Please select test mode:2 Please enter test times:2000 ==================================================================================================== TEST RESULT:: ==================================================================================================== set() bytecache items 2000 2000 add(s) 0.00400018692017 31.3759999275 read(s) 0.0 44.251999855 hits 1999 1999 missed 0 0 size 131296 56 add(s/item) 2.00009346008e-06 0.0156879999638 read(s/item) 0.0 0.0156879999638 ==================================================================================================== size (set / bytecache): 2344.57142857 add time (bytecache / set): 7843.63344856 read time (bytecache / set): N/A ==================================================================================================== ...test mutative length & string data end...
在2000个数据中,添加消耗31s,查找消耗44s,而 set 接近于0,单条数据也需要16ms(均值)才能完成读/写操作。
不过,正如开头说的,在紧迫度不是很高的Scrapy中,这个时间并不会太过于窘迫,更何况在Scrapy中,一般是用来缓存哈希后的数据,这些数据的一个重要特性是定长,定长在本缓存算法中还是表现不错的,在64位长度的时候,均值才0.5ms。而与此同时倒是能在大量缓存的时候,释放出比较客观的内存。
如果有更好的缓存算法能让速度在上新台阶,也是无比期待的。。。
总结:
1. 此方法的目标是用时间换取空间,切勿在时间紧迫度高的地方使用
2. 非常适用于大量定长,且数据本身比较小的情况下使用
3. 接2,非常不建议在大量不定长的数据,而且数据本身比较大的情况下使用
以上内容是小编给大家介绍的Python实现以时间换空间的缓存替换算法,希望对大家有所帮助!

Python and C each have their own advantages, and the choice should be based on project requirements. 1) Python is suitable for rapid development and data processing due to its concise syntax and dynamic typing. 2)C is suitable for high performance and system programming due to its static typing and manual memory management.

Choosing Python or C depends on project requirements: 1) If you need rapid development, data processing and prototype design, choose Python; 2) If you need high performance, low latency and close hardware control, choose C.

By investing 2 hours of Python learning every day, you can effectively improve your programming skills. 1. Learn new knowledge: read documents or watch tutorials. 2. Practice: Write code and complete exercises. 3. Review: Consolidate the content you have learned. 4. Project practice: Apply what you have learned in actual projects. Such a structured learning plan can help you systematically master Python and achieve career goals.

Methods to learn Python efficiently within two hours include: 1. Review the basic knowledge and ensure that you are familiar with Python installation and basic syntax; 2. Understand the core concepts of Python, such as variables, lists, functions, etc.; 3. Master basic and advanced usage by using examples; 4. Learn common errors and debugging techniques; 5. Apply performance optimization and best practices, such as using list comprehensions and following the PEP8 style guide.

Python is suitable for beginners and data science, and C is suitable for system programming and game development. 1. Python is simple and easy to use, suitable for data science and web development. 2.C provides high performance and control, suitable for game development and system programming. The choice should be based on project needs and personal interests.

Python is more suitable for data science and rapid development, while C is more suitable for high performance and system programming. 1. Python syntax is concise and easy to learn, suitable for data processing and scientific computing. 2.C has complex syntax but excellent performance and is often used in game development and system programming.

It is feasible to invest two hours a day to learn Python. 1. Learn new knowledge: Learn new concepts in one hour, such as lists and dictionaries. 2. Practice and exercises: Use one hour to perform programming exercises, such as writing small programs. Through reasonable planning and perseverance, you can master the core concepts of Python in a short time.

Python is easier to learn and use, while C is more powerful but complex. 1. Python syntax is concise and suitable for beginners. Dynamic typing and automatic memory management make it easy to use, but may cause runtime errors. 2.C provides low-level control and advanced features, suitable for high-performance applications, but has a high learning threshold and requires manual memory and type safety management.


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