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mysql有几种索引类型?

一、普通索引

这是最基本的索引,它没有任何限制。它有以下几种创建方式:

二、唯一索引

它与前面的普通索引类似,不同的就是:索引列的值必须唯一,但允许有空值。如果是组合索引,则列值的组合必须唯一。它有以下几种创建方式:

三、主键索引

它是一种特殊的唯一索引,不允许有空值。一般是在建表的时候同时创建主键索引:

索引的不足之处

上面都在说使用索引的好处,但过多的使用索引将会造成滥用。因此索引也会有它的缺点:

1.虽然索引大大提高了查询速度,同时却会降低更新表的速度,如对表进行INSERT、UPDATE和DELETE。因为更新表时,MySQL不仅要保存数据,还要保存一下索引文件。

2.建立索引会占用磁盘空间的索引文件。一般情况这个问题不太严重,但如果你在一个大表上创建了多种组合索引,索引文件的会膨胀很快。

索引只是提高效率的一个因素,如果你的MySQL有大数据量的表,就需要花时间研究建立最优秀的索引,或优化查询语句。

使用索引的注意事项

使用索引时,有以下一些技巧和注意事项:

1.索引不会包含有NULL值的列

只要列中包含有NULL值都将不会被包含在索引中,复合索引中只要有一列含有NULL值,那么这一列对于此复合索引就是无效的。所以我们在数据库设计时不要让字段的默认值为NULL。

2.使用短索引

对串列进行索引,如果可能应该指定一个前缀长度。例如,如果有一个CHAR(255)的列,如果在前10个或20个字符内,多数值是惟一的,那么就不要对整个列进行索引。短索引不仅可以提高查询速度而且可以节省磁盘空间和I/O操作。

3.索引列排序

MySQL查询只使用一个索引,因此如果where子句中已经使用了索引的话,那么order by中的列是不会使用索引的。因此数据库默认排序可以符合要求的情况下不要使用排序操作;尽量不要包含多个列的排序,如果需要最好给这些列创建复合索引。

4.like语句操作

一般情况下不鼓励使用like操作,如果非使用不可,如何使用也是一个问题。like “%aaa%” 不会使用索引,而like “aaa%”可以使用索引。

5.不要在列上进行运算

复制代码代码如下:

select * from users where YEAR(adddate)

将在每个行上进行运算,这将导致索引失效而进行全表扫描,因此我们可以改成:

复制代码代码如下: select * from users where adddate

6.不使用NOT IN和操作

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