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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial用SQL语句添加删除修改字段、一些表与字段的基本操作、数据库备

用SQL语句添加删除修改字段、一些表与字段的基本操作、数据库备份等,需要的朋友可以参考下。

用SQL语句添加删除修改字段
1.增加字段
alter table docdsp add dspcode char(200)
2.删除字段
ALTER TABLE table_NAME DROP COLUMN column_NAME
3.修改字段类型
ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER COLUMN column_name new_data_type
4.sp_rename 改名
更改当前数据库中用户创建对象(如表、列或用户定义数据类型)的名称。
语法
sp_rename [ @objname = ] 'object_name' ,
[ @newname = ] 'new_name'
[ , [ @objtype = ] 'object_type' ]
如:EXEC sp_rename 'newname','PartStock'
5.sp_help 显示表的一些基本情况
sp_help 'object_name' 如:EXEC sp_help 'PartStock'
6.判断某一表PartStock中字段PartVelocity是否存在
if exists (select * from syscolumns where id=object_id('PartStock') and name='PartVelocity')
print 'PartVelocity exists'
else print 'PartVelocity not exists'
另法:
判断表的存在性:
select count(*) from sysobjects where type='U' and name='你的表名'
判断字段的存在性:
select count(*) from syscolumns
where id = (select id from sysobjects where type='U' and name='你的表名')
and name = '你要判断的字段名'

一个小例子
--假设要处理的表名为: tb
--判断要添加列的表中是否有主键
if exists(select 1 from sysobjects where parent_obj=object_id('tb') and xtype='PK')
begin
print '表中已经有主键,列只能做为普通列添加'
--添加int类型的列,默认值为0
alter table tb add 列名 int default 0
end
else
begin
print '表中无主键,添加主键列'
--添加int类型的列,默认值为0
alter table tb add 列名 int primary key default 0
end

7.随机读取若干条记录
Access语法:SELECT top 10 * From 表名 ORDER BY Rnd(id)
Sql server:select top n * from 表名 order by newid()
mysql select * From 表名 Order By rand() Limit n
8.说明:日程安排提前五分钟提醒
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff(minute,f开始时间,getdate())>5

9.前10条记录
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围

10.包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表
(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)

11.说明:随机取出10条数据
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()

12.列出数据库里所有的表名
select name from sysobjects where type=U
13.列出表里的所有的字段名
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id(TableName)
14.说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。
select type,sum(case vender when A then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when C then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when B then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
15.说明:初始化表table1
TRUNCATE TABLE table1
16.说明:几个高级查询运算词
  A: UNION 运算符
  UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。

  B: EXCEPT 运算符
  EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。

  C: INTERSECT 运算符
  INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。
  注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。


17.说明:在线视图查询(表名1:a )
select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;

18.说明:between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2
select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2

19.说明:in 的使用方法
select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1','值2','值4','值6')

20.说明:两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息
delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )
21. 说明:复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
  法一:select * into b from a where 11
  法二:select top 0 * into b from a

22.说明:拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;

23.说明:跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库' where 条件
  例子:..from b in "&Server.MapPath(".")&"\data.mdb" &" where..
24.创建数据库
CREATE DATABASE database-name

25.说明:删除数据库
drop database dbname
26.说明:备份sql server
  --- 创建 备份数据的 device
USE master
EXEC sp_addumpdevice disk, testBack, c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat

  --- 开始 备份
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack

27.说明:创建新表
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
  根据已有的表创建新表:
A:create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表)
B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only

28.说明:
  删除新表:drop table tabname

29.说明:
  增加一个列:Alter table tabname add column col type
  注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。

30.说明:
  添加主键:Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
  说明:
  删除主键:Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)

31.说明:
  创建索引:create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)
  删除索引:drop index idxname
  注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。

32.说明:
  创建视图:create view viewname as select statement
  删除视图:drop view viewname

33.说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句
  选择:select * from table1 where 范围
  插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)
  删除:delete from table1 where 范围
  更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围
  查找:select * from table1 where field1 like '%value1%' ---like的语法很精妙,查资料!
  排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]
  总数:select count * as totalcount from table1
  求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1
  平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1
  最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1
  最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1

34.数据库备份:
代码如下:
USE DB_ndmspmasterdb;
GO

declare @path varchar(500)
set @path='D:\NDM_Data\DB_NDMSpMasterdb'+CONVERT(VARCHAR, GETDATE(), 105)+'.Bak'
select @path

BACKUP DATABASE DB_ndmspmasterdb

TO DISK = @path
WITH FORMAT,
MEDIANAME = 'Z_SQLServerBackups',
NAME = 'Full Backup of DB_ndmspmasterdb';
GO
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