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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial使用 GUID 值来作为数据库行标识讲解

使用 GUID 值来作为数据库行标识讲解

GUID(Global unique identifier)全局唯一标识符,它是由网卡上的标识数字(每个网卡都有唯一的标识号)以及 CPU 时钟的唯一数字生成的的一个 16 字节的二进制值。

GUID 的格式为“xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx”,其中每个 x 是 0-9 或 a-f 范围内的一个十六进制的数字。例如:6F9619FF-8B86-D011-B42D-00C04FC964FF 即为有效的 GUID 值。

世界上的任何两台计算机都不会生成重复的 GUID 值。GUID 主要用于在拥有多个节点、多台计算机的网络或系统中,分配必须具有唯一性的标识符。在 Windows 平台上,GUID 应用非常广泛:、类及接口标识、数据库、甚至自动生成的机器名、目录名等。

在这次开发 ASP.NET 应用时,我大量使用了类型为 GUID 的 ID 列作为各实体表的关键字(键)。由于其唯一、易产生的特性,给应用程序处理带来诸多好处。

1、在 SQL Server 中使用 GUID

如果在 SQL Server 的表定义中将列类型指定为 uniqueidentifier,则列的值就为 GUID 类型。

SQL Server 中的 NewID() 函数可以产生 GUID 唯一值,使用此函数的几种方式如下:

1) 作为列默认值

将 uniqueidentifier 的列的默认值设为 NewID(),这样当新行插入表中时,会自动生成此列 GUID 值。

2)使用 T-SQL

在 T-SQL 中使用 NewID()函数,如“INSERT INTO Table(ID,... ) VALUES(NewID(),...)”来生成此列的 GUID 值。

3)提前获取 GUID 值

由于特殊功能需要,需要预先获知新行的 ID 值,也可以使用如下 C# 代码提前获得 GUID 的值,再存储到数据库中:

SqlCommand cmd = New SqlCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "SELECT NewID()";
string rowID = (string) cmd.ExecuteScalar();
cmd.CommandText = "INSERT INTO Table(ID,...) VALUES(@ID,...)
cmd.Parameters.Add("@ID",SqlDbType.UniqueIdentifier).Value = new Guid(rowID);
cmd.ExecuteNoQuery();

uniqueidentifier 值不能进行算术运算,但可以进行(意义不大的)比较操作和 NULL 检查;它不能象 IDENTITY 列一样,可以获知每行的增加时间的先后顺序,只能通过增加其它时间或时间戳列来完成此功能。

2、在 .NET 中使用 GUID

GUID 在 .NET 中使用非常广泛,而且 .NET Framework 提供了专门 Guid 基础结构。

Guid 结构的常用法包括:

1) Guid.NewGUID()

生成一个新的 GUID 唯一值

2) Guid.ToString()

将 GUID 值转换成字符串,便于处理

3)构造函数 Guid(string)

由 string 生成 Guid 结构,其中string 可以为大写,也可以为小写,可以包含两端的定界符“{}”或“()”,甚至可以省略中间的“-”,Guid 结构的构造函数有很多,其它构造用法并不常用。

同时,为了适用数据库中使用 GUID 的需要,.NET Framework 也提供了 SqlGUID 结构,它和 Guid 结构类似,只是两者对排序(CompareTo)的处理方式不同,SqlGuid 计算值的最后 6 个字节。而 Guid 计算全部 16 个字节,这种差异可能会给 SQL Server 中 uniqueidentifier 列的排序带来一定影响,当然这种排序意义也不大。

.NET Framework 中可以使用类 GuidConverter 提供将 Guid 结构与各种其他表示形式相互转换的类型转换器。


3、GUID 的优缺点

1) 优点

同 IDENTITY 列相比,uniqueidentifier 列可以通过 NewID() 函数提前得知新增加的行 ID,为应用程序的后续处理提供了很大方便。


便于数据库移植,其它数据库中并不一定具有 IDENTITY 列,而 Guid 列可以作为字符型列转换到其它数据库中,同时将应用程序中产生的 GUID 值存入数据库,它不会对原有数据带来影响。


便于数据库初始化,如果应用程序要加载一些初始数据, IDENTITY 列的处理方式就比较麻烦,而 uniqueidentifier 列则无需任何处理,直接用 T-SQL 加载即可。


便于对某些对象或常量进行永久标识,如类的 ClassID,对象的实例标识,UDDI 中的联系人、服务接口、tModel标识定义等。
2) 缺点

GUID 值较长,不容易记忆和输入,而且这个值是随机、无顺序的,所以使用时要注意场合,最好不要尝试用它来作为你的电子邮件地址 J


GUID 的值有 16 个字节,与其它那些诸如 4 字节的整数相比要相对大一些。这意味着如果在数据库中使用 uniqueidentifier 键,可能会带来两方面的消极影响:存储空间增大;索引时间较慢。

综合来说, GUID 的优点带来的便利远超出其缺点带来的影响,随着诸如 WebService 等系统互联与整合技术的不断发展,其唯一标识的特性使得其应用越来越广,在您的应用程序中也应考虑使用它了。
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