触发器是一种特殊类型的存储过程,它不同于之前的我们介绍的存储过程。触发器主要是通过事件进行触发被自动调用执行的。而存储过程可以通过存储过程的名称被调用。
Ø 什么是触发器
触发器对表进行插入、更新、删除的时候会自动执行的特殊存储过程。触发器一般用在check约束更加复杂的约束上面。触发器和普通的存储过程的区别是:触发器是当对某一个表进行操作。诸如:update、insert、delete这些操作的时候,系统会自动调用执行该表上对应的触发器。SQL Server 2005中触发器可以分为两类:DML触发器和DDL触发器,其中DDL触发器它们会影响多种数据定义语言语句而激发,这些语句有create、alter、drop语句。
DML触发器分为:
1、 after触发器(之后触发)
a、 insert触发器
b、 update触发器
c、 delete触发器
2、 instead of 触发器 (之前触发)
其中after触发器要求只有执行某一操作insert、update、delete之后触发器才被触发,且只能定义在表上。而instead of触发器表示并不执行其定义的操作(insert、update、delete)而仅是执行触发器本身。既可以在表上定义instead of触发器,也可以在视图上定义。
触发器有两个特殊的表:插入表(instered表)和删除表(deleted表)。这两张是逻辑表也是虚表。有系统在内存中创建者两张表,不会存储在数据库中。而且两张表的都是只读的,只能读取数据而不能修改数据。这两张表的结果总是与被改触发器应用的表的结构相同。当触发器完成工作后,这两张表就会被删除。Inserted表的数据是插入或是修改后的数据,而deleted表的数据是更新前的或是删除的数据。
Update数据的时候就是先删除表记录,然后增加一条记录。这样在inserted和deleted表就都有update后的数据记录了。注意的是:触发器本身就是一个事务,所以在触发器里面可以对修改数据进行一些特殊的检查。如果不满足可以利用事务回滚,撤销操作。
Ø 创建触发器
语法
tgr_name<br> table_name<br> encrypion –加密触发器<br> ...<br><br> Transact-SQL
# 创建insert类型触发器
--创建insert插入类型触发器<br> (object_id(, ) )<br> tgr_classes_insert<br><br> tgr_classes_insert<br> classes<br> insert --插入触发<br><br> --定义变量<br> @id , @name (20), @temp ;<br> --在inserted表中查询已经插入记录信息<br> @id = id, @name = name inserted;<br> @name = @name + (, @id);<br> @temp = @id / 2; <br> insert student (@name, 18 + @id, @temp, @id);<br> ;<br><br>--插入数据<br>insert classes (, getDate());<br>--查询数据<br> * classes;<br> * student id;
insert触发器,会在inserted表中添加一条刚插入的记录。
# 创建delete类型触发器
--delete删除类型触发器<br> (object_id(, ) )<br> tgr_classes_delete<br><br> tgr_classes_delete<br> classes<br> --删除触发<br><br> ; <br> (object_id(, ) )<br> --存在classesBackup,直接插入数据<br> insert classesBackup name, createDate deleted;<br> <br> --不存在classesBackup创建再插入<br> * classesBackup deleted;<br> ;<br><br><br><br>-- nocount ;<br> classes name = ;<br>--查询数据<br> * classes;<br> * classesBackup;
delete触发器会在删除数据的时候,将刚才删除的数据保存在deleted表中。
# 创建update类型触发器
--update更新类型触发器<br> (object_id(, ) )<br> tgr_classes_update<br><br> tgr_classes_update<br> classes<br> <br><br> @oldName (20), @newName (20);<br> --更新前的数据<br> @oldName = name deleted;<br> ( ( * student name + @oldName + ))<br> <br> --更新后的数据<br> @newName = name inserted;<br> student name = replace(name, @oldName, @newName) name + @oldName + ;<br> ;<br> <br> <br> ;<br><br>--查询数据<br> * student id;<br> * classes;<br> classes name = name = ;
update触发器会在更新数据后,将更新前的数据保存在deleted表中,更新后的数据保存在inserted表中。
# update更新列级触发器
(object_id(, ) )<br> tgr_classes_update_column<br><br> tgr_classes_update_column<br> classes<br> <br><br> --列级触发器:是否更新了班级创建时间<br> ((createDate))<br> <br> (, 16, 11);<br> ;<br> <br><br>--测试<br> * student id;<br> * classes;<br> classes createDate = getDate() id = 3;<br> classes name = id = 7;
更新列级触发器可以用update是否判断更新列记录;
# instead of类型触发器
instead of触发器表示并不执行其定义的操作(insert、update、delete)而仅是执行触发器本身的内容。
创建语法
tgr_name<br> table_name<br> encryption<br> instead ...<br><br> T-SQL
# 创建instead of触发器
(object_id(, ) )<br> tgr_classes_inteadOf<br><br> tgr_classes_inteadOf<br> classes<br> instead <br><br> @id , @name (20);<br> --查询被删除的信息,病赋值<br> @id = id, @name = name deleted;<br> + (, @id) + + @name;<br> --先删除student的信息<br> student cid = @id;<br> --再删除classes的信息<br> classes id = @id;<br> + (, @id) + + @name + ;<br><br>--test<br> * student id;<br> * classes;<br> classes id = 7;
# 显示自定义消息raiserror
(object_id(, ) )<br> tgr_message<br><br> tgr_message<br> student<br> insert, <br> (, 16, 10);<br><br>--test<br>insert student (, 22, 1, 7);<br> student sex = 0 name = ;<br> * student id;
# 修改触发器
tgr_message<br> student<br> <br> (, 16, 10);<br><br>--test<br> student name = ;
# 启用、禁用触发器
--禁用触发器<br>disable tgr_message student;<br>--启用触发器<br>enable tgr_message student;
# 查询创建的触发器信息
--查询已存在的触发器<br> * sys.triggers;<br> * sys.objects type = ;<br><br>--查看触发器触发事件<br> te.* sys.trigger_events te sys.triggers t<br> t.object_id = te.object_id<br> t.parent_class = 0 t.name = ;<br><br>--查看创建触发器语句<br> sp_helptext ;# 示例,验证插入数据
((object_id(, ) ))<br> tgr_valid_data<br><br> tgr_valid_data<br> student<br> insert<br><br> @age ,<br> @name (20);<br> @name = s.name, @age = s.age inserted s;<br> (@age <br> (, 16, 1);<br> ;<br> <br><br>--test<br>insert student (, 2, 0, 7);<br>insert student (, 22, 0, 7);<br> * student id;
# 示例,操作日志
(object_id(, ) )
log
log(
id (1, 1) ,
(20),
createDate datetime getDate()
)
( ( * sys.objects name = ))
tgr_student_log
tgr_student_log
student
insert, ,
(( ( 1 inserted)) ( ( 1 deleted)))
insert log() ();
( ( 1 inserted) ( 1 deleted))
insert log() ();
( ( 1 inserted) ( 1 deleted))
insert log() ();
--test
insert student (, 22, 1, 7);
student sex = 0 name = ;
student name = ;
* log;
* student id;

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