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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorialmysql 随机获取记录order by rand 优化

如果要随机获取记录数,在mysql里最简单的方法肯定是order by rand()了,但是这种方法只能在表记录极少的情况下才能使用。主要是因为order by rand()导致了using filesort.这个时候查询类型会变成all,索引会失效。只需简单的变通下,完成可以做到同样的效果

下面我就以users(userId,userName,password……)表(有一百多万条记录)为例,对比讲解下几个方法效率问题:

 代码如下 复制代码

1.select * from users order by rand() LIMIT 1

执 行该sql语句,老半天没有反应,最后被迫手动停止执行,怎个伤人了得啊!后来我查了一下MYSQL手册,里面针对RAND()的提示大概意思就是,在 ORDER BY从句里面不能使用RAND()函数,因为这样会导致数据列被多次扫描,导致效率相当相当的低!效率不行,切忌使用!

 代码如下 复制代码

2.SELECT * FROM users  AS t1  JOIN (SELECT ROUND(RAND() * ((SELECT MAX(userId) FROM `users`)-(SELECT MIN(userId) FROM users))+(SELECT MIN(userId) FROM users)) AS userId) AS t2 WHERE t1.userId >= t2.userId ORDER BY t1.userId LIMIT 1

执行该sql语句,用时0.031s,效率没说的,相当的给力!心里那个爽啊,紧接着,我把”LIMIT 1“改为了”LIMIT 100“ 随机取一百条记录,用时0.048,给力吧。可是就在此时问题出现了,发现结果好像不是随机的?为了验证结果,又执行了N次,真不是随机的, 问题出现在”ORDER BY t1.userId“这里,按userId排序了。随机取一条记录还是不错的选择,多条就不行了啊!

 代码如下 复制代码

3.SELECT * FROM users WHERE userId >= ((SELECT MAX(userId) FROM users)-(SELECT MIN(userId) FROM users)) * RAND() + (SELECT MIN(userId) FROM users)  LIMIT 1

执行该sql语句,用时0.039s,效率太给力了!接着我就把”LIMIT 1“改为了”LIMIT 10000“,用时0.063s。经过多次验证,哥对灯发誓,结果肯定是随机的!
结论:随机取一条或多条记录,方法都不错!

4.通过sql获得最大值和最小值,然后通过php的rand生成一个随机数randnum,再通过

 代码如下 复制代码
SELECT * FROM users WHERE userId >= randnum LIMIT 1

,获得一条记录效率应该还可以,多条应该就不行了。
 

根据记录的类型,分类连续和非连续两种。
连续指记录是连续存放的,并且有字段可以证明记录是连续的,例如自增id。
非连续是指记录是随机存放的,例如有条件的查询,结果肯定不是连续的。

一、连续记录优化
先得到表的最大id和最小id。select max(id),min(id) from table

1.在程序里随机一个在最大id和最小id的中间数,查询的时候大于这个随机数的就是随机记录了。

Sql代码 

 代码如下 复制代码

1.select * from table where id > 中间数 limit length; 
select * from table where id > 中间数 limit length;缺点:如果中间数很大的话,获取不了需要的记录数,随机性不强

 代码如下 复制代码

2.在程序里随机n个最大id和最小id的中间数,查询的时候用in获得这几个中间数的记录
Sql代码 
1.select * from table where id in (中间数1, 中间数2,中间数3) 
select * from table where id in (中间数1, 中间数2,中间数3)需要注意的是,如果你要获取5条记录,那建议随机10个数。
缺点:性能不如第1种方法,但是随机性更强

二、非连续记录优化

其实非连续记录的方法一样可以应用在连续记录中。
首先获得记录的总数,例如:select count(*) from table where groupid = 1;
然后在程序里随机n个小于记录总数的中间数,之后通过循环

Sql代码 

 代码如下 复制代码
1.select * from table where groupid = 1 limit 中间数,1 
select * from table where groupid = 1 limit 中间数,1来获得记录。

关于优化循环sql可以采用prepare或者union all来优化循环执行


结论:方法1效率不行,切忌使用;随机获得一条记录,方法2是相当不错的选择,采用JOIN的语法比直接在WHERE中使用函数效率还是要高一些的,不过方法3也不错;随机获得多条记录

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