此选项被选中时,SQL Server 在读取或修改数据时不加任何锁。 在这种情况下,用户有可能读取到未完成事务(Uncommited Transaction)或回滚(Roll Back)中的数据, 即所谓的脏数据。 HOLDLOCK (保持锁) 此选项被选中时,SQL Server 会将此共享锁保持至整个事
此选项被选中时,SQL Server 在读取或修改数据时不加任何锁。 在这种情况下,用户有可能读取到未完成事务(Uncommited Transaction)或回滚(Roll Back)中的数据, 即所谓的“脏数据”。
HOLDLOCK(保持锁)
此选项被选中时,虚拟主机,SQL Server 会将此共享锁保持至整个事务结束,而不会在途中释放。
UPDLOCK(修改锁)
此选项被选中时,SQL Server 在读取数据时使用修改锁来代替共享锁,并将此锁保持至整个事务或命令结束。使用此选项能够保证多个进程能同时读取数据但只有该进程能修改数据。
TABLOCK(表锁)
此选项被选中时,SQL Server 将在整个表上置共享锁直至该命令结束。 这个选项保证其他进程只能读取而不能修改数据。
PAGLOCK(页锁)
此选项为默认选项, 当被选中时,SQL Server 使用共享页锁。
TABLOCKX(排它表锁)
此选项被选中时,SQL Server 将在整个表上置排它锁直至该命令或事务结束。这将防止其他进程读取或修改表中的数据。
HOLDLOCK 持有共享锁,直到整个事务完成,应该在被锁对象不需要时立即释放,等于SERIALIZABLE事务隔离级别
NOLOCK 语句执行时不发出共享锁,允许脏读 ,等于 READ UNCOMMITTED事务隔离级别
PAGLOCK 在使用一个表锁的地方用多个页锁
READPAST 让sql server跳过任何锁定行,执行事务,适用于READ UNCOMMITTED事务隔离级别只跳过RID锁,不跳过页,区域和表锁
ROWLOCK 强制使用行锁
TABLOCKX 强制使用独占表级锁,这个锁在事务期间阻止任何其他事务使用这个表
UPLOCK 强制在读表时使用更新而不用共享锁
注意: 锁定数据库的一个表的区别
SELECT * FROM table WITH (HOLDLOCK) 其他事务可以读取表,但不能更新删除
SELECT * FROM table WITH (TABLOCKX) 其他事务不能读取表,更新和删
一个简单的多并发生成单号问题就可以使用锁来处理,比如:
begin tran
select MAX(BILL_NO) from sometalbe with(TABLOCKX)
...一些处理,如果生成新单号,保存数据
commit tran
使用这种事务一定要注意不要出现死锁!
下面是引用博友的文章:
如何控制并发和控制死锁(内含pb的处理要点)
锁的概述
一. 为什么要引入锁
多个用户同时对数据库的并发操作时会带来以下数据不一致的问题:
丢失更新
A,B两个用户读同一数据并进行修改,其中一个用户的修改结果破坏了另一个修改的结果,比如订票系统
脏读
A用户修改了数据,随后B用户又读出该数据,但A用户因为某些原因取消了对数据的修改,数据恢复原值,此时B得到的数据就与数据库内的数据产生了不一致
不可重复读
A用户读取数据,随后B用户读出该数据并修改,此时A用户再读取数据时发现前后两次的值不一致
并发控制的主要方法是封锁,锁就是在一段时间内禁止用户做某些操作以避免产生数据不一致
二 锁的分类
锁的类别有两种分法:
1. 从数据库系统的角度来看:分为独占锁(即排它锁),共享锁和更新锁
MS-SQL Server 使用以下资源锁模式。
锁模式 描述
共享 (S) 用于不更改或不更新数据的操作(只读操作),如 SELECT 语句。
更新 (U) 用于可更新的资源中。防止当多个会话在读取、锁定以及随后可能进行的资源更新时发生常见形式的死锁。
排它 (X) 用于数据修改操作,例如 INSERT、UPDATE 或 DELETE。确保不会同时同一资源进行多重更新。
意向锁 用于建立锁的层次结构。意向锁的类型为:意向共享 (IS)、意向排它 (IX) 以及与意向排它共享 (SIX)。
架构锁 在执行依赖于表架构的操作时使用。架构锁的类型为:架构修改 (Sch-M) 和架构稳定性 (Sch-S)。
大容量更新 (BU) 向表中大容量复制数据并指定了 TABLOCK 提示时使用。
共享锁
共享 (S) 锁允许并发事务读取 (SELECT) 一个资源。资源上存在共享 (S) 锁时,任何其它事务都不能修改数据。一旦已经读取数据,便立即释放资源上的共享 (S) 锁,除非将事务隔离级别设置为可重复读或更高级别,或者在事务生存周期内用锁定提示保留共享 (S) 锁。
更新锁
更新 (U) 锁可以防止通常形式的死锁。一般更新模式由一个事务组成,此事务读取记录,获取资源(页或行)的共享 (S) 锁,然后修改行,此操作要求锁转换为排它 (X) 锁。如果两个事务获得了资源上的共享模式锁,然后试图同时更新数据,则一个事务尝试将锁转换为排它 (X) 锁。共享模式到排它锁的转换必须等待一段时间,因为一个事务的排它锁与其它事务的共享模式锁不兼容;发生锁等待。第二个事务试图获取排它 (X) 锁以进行更新。由于两个事务都要转换为排它 (X) 锁,并且每个事务都等待另一个事务释放共享模式锁,因此发生死锁。
若要避免这种潜在的死锁问题,请使用更新 (U) 锁。一次只有一个事务可以获得资源的更新 (U) 锁。如果事务修改资源,则更新 (U) 锁转换为排它 (X) 锁。否则,锁转换为共享锁。
排它锁
排它 (X) 锁可以防止并发事务对资源进行访问。其它事务不能读取或修改排它 (X) 锁锁定的数据。
意向锁
意向锁表示 SQL Server 需要在层次结构中的某些底层资源上获取共享 (S) 锁或排它 (X) 锁。例如,放置在表级的共享意向锁表示事务打算在表中的页或行上放置共享 (S) 锁。在表级设置意向锁可防止另一个事务随后在包含那一页的表上获取排它 (X) 锁。意向锁可以提高性能,因为 SQL Server 仅在表级检查意向锁来确定事务是否可以安全地获取该表上的锁。而无须检查表中的每行或每页上的锁以确定事务是否可以锁定整个表。
意向锁包括意向共享 (IS)、意向排它 (IX) 以及与意向排它共享 (SIX)。
锁模式 描述
意向共享 (IS) 通过在各资源上放置 S 锁,表明事务的意向是读取层次结构中的部分(而不是全部)底层资源。
意向排它 (IX) 通过在各资源上放置 X 锁,表明事务的意向是修改层次结构中的部分(而不是全部)底层资源。IX 是 IS 的超集。

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SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

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